Dating Violence can Happen More Than you Think - 1227 Words

Dating violence can happen more than you think and to anyone. There are many problems now days that affect our society and people. One of the problems out there that people tend to forget is relationship abuse. All throughout the world, relationship abuse is being occurred every day and every hour. As people say, relationship violence has no zip code. Domestic violence or abuse can happen to anyone in all ages, race, sexual orientation, gender or even religion. Relationship violence can be either physical, sexual, or emotionally as well, just because you’re not being hit and bruised doesn’t mean you’re not being abused. It can also be towards both genders. Domestic violence is when the batterer uses acts of violence and a different of behaviors, threats, physical abuse, and isolation and to control the other person. Psychological violence is also as considered a abuse that can happen within relationship which is intense and repetitive humiliation, creating isolat ion, and controlling the actions or behaviors of the partner through manipulation to victim. In a website called â€Å"Safe Voices† it states that one in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime and it is mostly women ages 16 to 24 who experience the highest relationship violence. One in three teens in the U.S. is a victim of relationship abuse from there dating partner. Many victims don’t know what to do in responds when getting abuse and don’t report the situation due to the fact that theyShow MoreRelatedIs No Law For Teen Dating Violence?1357 Words   |  6 Pageseen violence has become a major problem in children today. Many teens are pressured with drugs and alcohol, but violence from your boyfriend/girlfriend is a growing problem for teens in the world today. There are many types of abuse, even more than there was 10 years ago. These types of abuse can be anywhere from physical abuse to digital abuse. Abuse, according to Business Dictionary means, â€Å"Physical force unlawfully exercised toward property and/or persons, causing or intending to cause damageRead MoreLove Shouldnt Hurt1429 Words   |  6 PagesRed Jumpsuits Apparatus said it best when they sung Head Down, â€Å"Do you feel like a man, when you push her around? Do you feel better now, as she falls to the ground? Well Ill tell you my friend, one day this worlds gonna end. /One day she will tell you that she has finally had enough.† The problem for women is figuring out when enough is really enough. Dating Violence is everywhere: in movies, on television shows, songs and newspapers, but some women are not willing to confide into someone forRead MoreDating Violence And Its Effects On Society1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn dating violence, one partner tries to gain or maintain power and control over the other through the form of abuse. Violence within a dating relationships has its negative effects on all people re gardless of their age, race, or gender. It is safe to say dating violence crosses all racial, economic and social lines. Granting, one generally views it as being extremely detrimental when the violence occurs within an adolescent relationship. This could in part be due to the fact that the perceptionRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1098 Words   |  5 PagesREMINGTON COLLEGES INC. Intimate Partner Violence Domestic violence Cheyannica Newson 12/16/2014 â€Æ' What is intimate partner violence? Intimate partner violence is when a partner is physical and sexually abused. Intimate violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples. Twenty seven percent of women and nearly 12% of men in the United States have experienced contact sexual, violence, physical, or stalking by an intimate partner (Prevent Domestic Violence in Your Community, 2014). 85% of womenRead MoreThe Effects Of Teenage Dating Violence And Abusive Relationships Among Adolescents1575 Words   |  7 PagesTeen-dating violence happens to be one of the most common forms of violence, and it can be influenced from families, peers, or internal issues. Usually, domestic violence takes place in relationships of people between the ages of sixteen to twenty-four. According to a survey conducted by the Center for Disease Control, about four million women are abused each year by their partners and forty percent of teens ages fourteen to seventeen report that they know someone their age who is being abused byRead More Rape Culture Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s world. Men are usually more aggressive, and women are seen as passive. (Vogelman) This socialization process is changing, but slowly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rape is non-consensual sexual intercourse that a male performs against a woman whom he is neither married to or cohabiting with. The definition of rape changes by geographic location. In some countries a woman must prove she is pure in order to find the perpetrator guilty. Rape used to be more of a violation to the man than to the women. It was a violationRead MoreTeen Dating Violence : Teenage Dating1655 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Dating Violence Dawn Brown, Verronica Flowers, Michelle Marcak, Lisa Sprouse Dr. Brinda Mckinney, Instructor Arkansas State University NRS 3333 Women s Health August 12, 2016 â€Æ' Teen Dating Violence In 2013, the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that 21% of female and 10% of male high school students experienced some form of physical and/or sexual dating violence. It was also reported that youth who are victims of dating violence in high school are at greater risk of victimizationRead MoreBilly Joel Is Now Dating Soap Actress Alex Donnelley Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesAfter recently separating from his wife Katie Lee, Billy Joel is now dating soap actress Alex Donnelley. According to New York Post, Alex Donnelley and Billy Joel met through friends backstage at his recent Washington DC concert. An insider reports that the two hit it off immediately. Billy Joel Now Dating Alex Donnelley: Life and Career Singer-songwriter Billy Joel, 60, has consistently produced Top 10 hits in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. He is a five-time Grammy Award winner and member of theRead MoreWhat is Domestic Violence? Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is not a new thing, for centu ries human beings have been violent one towards another. We as humans have to deal with different types of violence in every day life and some types of violence that we may experience are; child abuse, spousal abuse or domestic violence, violence directed towards elderly, sexual assault and harassment, professional misconduct, teen violence, murder is a act of violence, stalking in some way may be classified as type of violence. It is in human nature to doRead MoreWhat Does The Essential Nutrient Mean? Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pagesclick on kids and search for â€Å"calories† read Learning about calories for more informatin) Nutrient Cal/gram Food examples ___Carbohydrates___ __4____ _Brown Rice_____________________ _Protein___________ __4____ _____Chicken breast_______________ ___Fats___________ ___9___ ___Olive oil________________________ 3. Explain why some types of fats (there are three categories) preferred over others? For full points you must be specific. (Questions 3 4 use http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource

Cambodian Immigrants And Health Care - 1107 Words

Cambodian Immigrants and Health care in the United States Over the last decade more immigrants have traveled to the United States from Asia than any other nationality (Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum [APIAHF], 2015). Understanding the specific needs of this population is important to prevent health disparities. Currently Asians are the only racial group who’s leading cause of death is cancer (Tseng et al., 2010). Asian Americans are also more likely to suffer from hepatitis B and tuberculosis. Both children and adults are more likely to have diabetes due to obesity. Many Asian Americans also suffer from mental disorders, specifically depression and PTSD (Tseng et al., 2010). Cambodian patients in particular have â€Å"significantly higher physical and mental health problems compared to the general population† (Poitras, 2013, para. 1). In fact, sources noted that terrible treatment by the communist group Khmer Rouge which resulted in the Cambodian Genocide, caused a great deal of mental illness in Cambod ian immigrants (C. Heinrich, personal communication, April 24, 2016; Poitras, 2013). Unfortunately, this cultural group experiences considerable barriers to health care for several reasons. Cambodian patients tend to mistrust Western medicine and consider homeopathic options first when experiencing illness. In a personal interview, Cambodian born immigrant C.H. noted, â€Å"many people die in the hospital and few are healed† (C. Heinrich, personalShow MoreRelatedAsian American And Pacific Islanders Essay1981 Words   |  8 Pagessuccess were in their position due to their â€Å"poor† family and moral values. While the myth does work to explicitly propagate racism against black and brown bodies, it implicitly harms AAPIs as well. Research has shown there is increased suicide rates, health problems, and educational stresses from those who cannot maintain or â€Å"live up† to the standard of the MMM. The myth also homogenizes AAPI experiences, positing them as a monolithic emblem of success. What the myth fails to recognize is not everyoneRead MoreThe Effects Of Cultural On Health We Can Draw An Analysis Of A Tree Within A Forest1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthe entire way in which health is framed in meaning and response; thus, awareness of these cultural variations can only serve to enable health practitioners to provide adequate health care to those who are in need. Despite the various cultures across the our country, we all share at least three universal needs in life, namely; a sense of safety and security, a sense of integrity and meaningfulness of life and a sense of belonging. To explore the influence of cultural on health we can draw an analysisRead MoreEthnocentric Approaches For Nursing Practice1876 Words   |  8 Pagesfor individual cultural differences. Knowledge of cultural diversity is vital at all levels of nursing practice. Ethnocentric approaches to nursing practice are ineffective in meeting health and nursing needs of diverse cultural groups of clients. Knowledge about cultures and their impact on interactions with health care is essential for nurses, whether they are practicing in a clinical setting, education, research or administration. Nurses bring their personal cultural heritage as well as the culturalRead MoreEssay on Vietnamese Americans3140 Words   |  13 Pagesbeen in contact with many Vietnamese people in my life, but I am looking forward to learning more about them. Narrative Analysis The Vietnam War ended in 1975. It was then, subsequent of the Fall of Saigon, when the first wave of Vietnamese Immigrants traveled to the United States. Fearful for their safety in their own country, many Vietnamese natives were apprehensive that members of the communist party would retaliate against them for working with American soldiers. In the spring of 1975Read MoreThe Practice Of Coin Rubbing2053 Words   |  9 Pagesheadaches, chronic neck and back pain, and other aliment. However, there has been some controversy regarding coin rubbing as either a cultural health care or child abuse. This paper will explore the culture beliefs on the social components health and illnesses regarding coin rubbing to find out if the traditional healing practice is a cultural health care or a form of child abuse or abuse in general. Introduction The term coin rubbing has many variation local theme names located in their regionsRead MoreCambodi The Country Of Cambodia1387 Words   |  6 Pagestrade, HIV exposure, theft, and killing. There is an estimate of about 24,000 children who work and live on the streets. Cambodia is a society where it is not common to share your family problems. They are considered private issues and no one really cares to hear about them. Sharing things like this is considered a weakness. This could be a cause or effect of the lack of social services and counseling in Cambodia. The education system in Cambodia does not allow students to use pro-activeness, criticalRead MoreHuman Trafficking: It Happens Here, Its Happening Now3206 Words   |  13 Pageschildren who are forced into labor and sex trafficking. Cambodian men, women, and children travel to countries within the region – primarily Thailand and Malaysia – for what they believe is work, and many are subjected to sex trafficking , domestic servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor within the fishing, construction, and agricultural industries. The United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking reported that 149 Cambodian victims of human trafficking were returned to Cambodia fromRead MoreHmong And Hmong American Society2684 Words   |  11 Pageslarge Hmong population in the United States. However, unlike a majority of the other Asian American communities present in America, the Hmong reached American soil through much difficulty and hardships. As observed in the experiences of many other immigrant groups, becoming a part of American society is not an easy task. In order to understand the circumstances of Hmong Americans today, one must comprehend the different political, economic, and social pressures that may have aided or hindered theseRead MoreHuman Trafficking Violates Human Rights1821 Words   |  8 Pagesroof in desperate need of repair. The men were paid 41 cents per hour for the same amount of work as other workers. The employers physically abused the men and dismissed complaints of injuries or pain, a nd denied the men recreation, cellphone, and health care (Victims Stories). In another case, a supermarket in Russia, owned by a couple, became the trafficking destination of two girls from Uzbekistan. The couple held Ayauly and Bibihul, along with ten other migrants, captive for ten years. During thatRead MoreThailand: Investment Analysis2768 Words   |  11 Pageswith the responsibilities of the head of state. This is the 50th largest country across the world in respect to the total geographical area and has been rated the worlds 21st most popular nation. Thailand has recorded approximately three million immigrants and has attracted a significant percentage of expatriates from developed nations (Wattanawisitporn, 2009). The following is a PESTEL analysis of Thailand: Political The political sector does not offer any opportunities, but they are expected to

Computer Graphics free essay sample

Computer graphics This article is about graphics created using computers. For the article about the scientific study of computer graphics, see Computer graphics (computer science). For other uses, see Computer graphics (disambiguation). [pic] Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer. The development of computer graphics, or simply referred to as CG, has made computers easier to interact with, and better for understanding and interpreting many types of data. Developments in computer graphics have had a profound impact on many types of media and have revolutionized the animation and video game industry. Overview The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe almost everything on computers that is not text or sound. Typically, the term computer graphics refers to several different things: †¢ the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer †¢ the various technologies used to create and manipulate images †¢ the images so produced, and the sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content, see study of computer graphics Today, computers and computer-generated images touch many aspects of our daily life. Computer imagery is found on television, in newspapers, for example in their weather reports, or for example in all kinds of medical investigation and surgical procedures. A well-constructed graph can present complex statistics in a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In the media such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, theses, and other presentation material. History The advance in computer graphics was to come from one MIT student, Ivan Sutherland. In 1961 Sutherland created another computer drawing program called Sketchpad. Using a light pen, Sketchpad allowed one to draw simple shapes on the computer screen, save them and even recall them later. The light pen itself had a small photoelectric cell in its tip. This cell emitted an electronic pulse whenever it was placed in front of a computer screen and the screens electron gun fired directly at it. By simply timing the electronic pulse with the current location of the electron gun, it was easy to pinpoint exactly where the pen was on the screen at any given moment. Once that was determined, the computer could then draw a cursor at that location. Image types 2D computer graphics [pic] 2D computer graphics are the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly from two-dimensional models, such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images, and by techniques specific to them. The word may stand for the branch of computer science that comprises such techniques, or for the models themselves. D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc.. In those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional model s are therefore preferred, because they give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics, whose approach is more akin to photography than to typography. Pixel art Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of raster graphics software, where images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer and video games, graphing calculator games, and many mobile phone games are mostly pixel art. Vector graphics [pic] Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the representation of photographic images. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools. 3D computer graphics 3D computer graphics in contrast to 2D computer graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing. Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model and 2D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques. 3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apart from the rendered graphic, the model is contained within the graphical data file. However, there are differences. A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object. A model is not technically a graphic until it is visually displayed. Due to 3D printing, 3D models are not confined to virtual space. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations. Computer animation [pic] Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time rendering needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another medium, such as film. It is also referred to as CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computer-generated imaging), especially when used in films. Virtual entities may contain and be controlled by assorted attributes, such as transform values (location, orientation, scale; see Cartesian coordinate system) stored in an objects transformation matrix. Animation is the change of an attribute over time. Multiple methods of achieving animation exist; the rudimentary form is based on the creation and editing of keyframes, each storing a value at a given time, per attribute to be animated. The 2D/3D graphics software will interpolate between keyframes, creating an editable curve of a value mapped over time, resulting in animation. Other methods of animation include procedural and expression-based techniques: the former consolidates related elements of animated entities into sets of attributes, useful for creating particle effects and crowd simulations; the latter allows an evaluated result returned from a user-defined logical expression, coupled with mathematics, to automate animation in a predictable way (convenient for controlling bone behavior beyond what a hierarchy offers in skeletal system set up). Concepts and Principles Image An image or picture is an artifact that resembles a physical object or person. The term includes two-dimensional objects like photographs and sometimes includes three-dimensional representations. Images are captured by optical devices—such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces. A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image in binary format as a sequence of ones and zeros. Digital images include both vector images and raster images, but raster images are more commonly used. Pixel [pic] In the enlarged portion of the image individual pixels are rendered as squares and can be easily seen. In digital imaging, a pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image. Pixels are normally arranged in a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide a more accurate representation of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three components such as red, green, and blue. Graphics Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, line art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style. Rendering Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, by means of computer programs. The model is a description of three dimensional objects in a strictly defined language or data structure. It would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information. The image is a digital image or raster graphics image. The term may be by analogy with an artists rendering of a scene. Rendering is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in a video editing file to produce final video output. 3D projection D projection is a method of mapping three dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. As most current methods for displaying graphical data are based on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is widespread, especially in computer graphics, engineering and drafting. Ray tracing Ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image plane. The technique is capable of producing a very high degree of photorealism; usually higher than that of typical scanline rendering methods.

West African Music Assessment Essay Example For Students

West African Music Assessment Essay Music has always been an important part of life in West Africa. Music serves many functions in West African society. It communicates ideas, values, and feelings. It celebrates historic events and important occasions in peoples lives. For instance, there are songs for weddings, funerals, and ceremonies honoring ancestors. Among the Your tribe of present-day Nigeria, mothers of twins have their own special songs. In Ghana, there are songs for celebrating the loss of a childs first tooth. The musical traditions of West Africa continue to influence both African and world lute. West African Drumming: Drums play an important role in West African culture. Drummers perform at parties, religious meetings, and ceremonies, such as weddings and funerals. West African drums are made of hollowed-out logs or pieces of wood. These are covered with animal skins. For example; the December drum, the dumbfound set, the don, the Ewe drums ensemble, etc. Drummers in West Africa play in ensembles, or groups. The ensembles include different types and sizes of drums, along with bells and rattles. Drumming, singing, and dancing take place together in a circle. We will write a custom essay on West African Music Assessment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Traditionally December rhythms and their corresponding dances would have been associated with specific occasions, with each rhythm having a time and place. These days rhythms and dances may be performed at a wider range of events. There are hundreds of drums throughout West Africa but the December is one of few that are played with both bare hands. Sometimes, drum ensembles use a call-and-response style. West African slaves brought their drumming traditions to the Americas. Over time, West African drum music evolved into new styles, particularly in Cuba. West African drum music and Afro- Cuban drumming are now popular elements of world music. The players use polymaths and repetitive patterns in the drumming. The beats of the drum often help the dancers keep track of their timing. Grits: Early historical accounts of music and dance among Africans can be found in oral literature that take different forms such as folk tales, myths, epics, praise poems and historical accounts on rituals. Music and dance in Africa have served both utilitarian and aesthetic functions. The utilitarian function involves the use of music n everyday activities, including music at the childs naming ceremonies, child rearing practices, initiation rites, agricultural activities, national ceremonies, war times, religious ceremonies and those meant for the dead. In most ceremonies, even death ceremonies, music and dance go together. A grist is a verbal artist of the Manned people. Grits are poet-musicians who tell stories, sing songs of praise, and recite poems, often while playing a drum or stringed instrument. They perform music, dance, and drama. But grits are much more than skilled entertainers. They also educate their audiences with historical accounts and genealogies, or histories of peoples ancestry. In many ways, they are the record keepers and historians of their West African Music Assessment By cassia everybody there is the form or clapping, singing and dancing. By participating you honor the people being celebrated. Singing: A common style of music in West Africa is known as call and response. In call-and-response singing, a leader plays or sings a short phrase, known as a call. Then a group of people, the chorus, answer by playing or singing a short phrase, the response. The leader and chorus repeat this pattern over and over as they perform the song. Enslaved Africans brought call-and- response songs to the Americas. Slaves used the songs to ease the burden of hard work, celebrate social occasions, and express outrage at their situation. This African tradition has influenced many American musical styles, including gospel, Jazz, blues, rock and roll, and rap. Dance: In West Africa, dance is as much a part of life as singing and drumming are. Traditional West African dances are still performed in Africa and around the world. .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 , .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .postImageUrl , .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 , .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:hover , .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:visited , .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:active { border:0!important; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:active , .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5 .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4888254ca7fc2bd4d9bc72dea9196e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music unit EssayWest Africans perform dances for all kinds of occasions. They dance during rituals and during ceremonies that mark important events in peoples lives. Dances can celebrate a success at work or help educate children. West Africans also perform dances to seek the help of spirits and to connect with dead ancestors. Dance movements often reflect the conditions people live in. Among forest-dwelling people, for example, dancers move as if they are finding their way through forest undergrowth. Some dancers wear elaborate masks that represent the spirits of traditional West African religion.

The Quiet Room essays

The Quiet Room essays 1. Schizophrenia is a mental illness, characterized by a range of symptoms. Most common symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. Additional symptoms of schizophrenia found in humans include: bizarre behavior, loss of contact with reality, disorganized thinking and speaking, decreased emotional expressiveness, social withdrawal and memory loss. When a person smiles at another person, the usual response is to smile back. When a schizophrenic person sees ones smile, he/she wonders, Why are they laughing at me? Schizophrenics think that everyone is against them, causing everything to be rarely funny. Unlike other mental illnesses, schizophrenia has a fading effect on the persons life. They soon lose the ability to distinguish the difference between real and unreal experiences, also called delusions. Lori recalling how she killed her dog, beating it to death, is an example of delusion. It actually happened in her head, and only in her head. The illness takes over and shuts them down until they cannot operate, causing a both a high number of suicides and attempted suicides. People with schizophrenia usually exhibit short attention spans and abstract thinking. Also, they are more likely to abuse and/or become dependent on drugs and alcohol. To describe the suffers of schizophrenia, common terms like mad and insane are used by the outside world Erikson formulated many different, but sequential stages in human development. The first is the trust versus mistrust stage. This occurs in the first year of childs life, with the infant gaining a sense of trust. Responsive and sensitive caregivers meet their basic needs. Lori was treated well by her parents as an infant. She also developed within the following stages successfully. Stage two is autonomy versus shame , which occurs in the second year of infancy. Infants start to find that th...

Understanding Phosphorous, Boron and Other Semiconductor Materials

Understanding Phosphorous, Boron and Other Semiconductor Materials Introducing Phosphorous The process of doping introduces an atom of another element into the silicon crystal to alter its electrical properties. The dopant has either three or five valence electrons, as opposed to silicons four. Phosphorus atoms, which have five valence electrons, are used for doping n-type silicon (phosphorous provides its fifth, free, electron). A phosphorus atom occupies the same place in the crystal lattice that was occupied formerly by the silicon atom it replaced. Four of its valence electrons take over the bonding responsibilities of the four silicon valence electrons that they replaced. But the fifth valence electron remains free, without bonding responsibilities. When numerous phosphorus atoms are substituted for silicon in a crystal, many free electrons become available. Substituting a phosphorus atom (with five valence electrons) for a silicon atom in a silicon crystal leaves an extra, unbonded electron that is relatively free to move around the crystal. The most common method of doping is to coat the top of a layer of silicon with phosphorus and then heat the surface. This allows the phosphorus atoms to diffuse into the silicon. The temperature is then lowered so that the rate of diffusion drops to zero. Other methods of introducing phosphorus into silicon include gaseous diffusion, a liquid dopant spray-on process, and a technique in which phosphorus ions are driven precisely into the surface of the silicon. Introducing Boron   Of course, n-type silicon cannot form the electric field by itself; its also necessary to have some silicon altered to have the opposite electrical properties. So it’s boron, which has three valence electrons, that’s used for doping p-type silicon. Boron is introduced during silicon processing, where silicon is purified for use in PV devices. When a boron atom assumes a position in the crystal lattice formerly occupied by a silicon atom, there is a bond missing an electron (in other words, an extra hole). Substituting a boron atom (with three valence electrons) for a silicon atom in a silicon crystal leaves a hole (a bond missing an electron) that is relatively free to move around the crystal. Other semiconductor materials. Like silicon, all PV materials must be made into p-type and n-type configurations to create the necessary electric field that characterizes a PV cell. But this is done a number of different ways depending on the characteristics of the material. For example, amorphous silicons unique structure makes an intrinsic layer or â€Å"i layer† necessary. This undoped layer of amorphous silicon fits between the n-type and p-type layers to form what is called a p-i-n design. Polycrystalline thin films like copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) show great promise for PV cells. But these materials cant be simply doped to form n and p layers. Instead, layers of different materials are used to form these layers. For example, a window layer of cadmium sulfide or another similar material is used to provide the extra electrons necessary to make it n-type. CuInSe2 can itself be made p-type, whereas CdTe benefits from a p-type layer made from a material like zinc telluride (ZnTe). Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is similarly modified, usually with indium, phosphorous, or aluminum, to produce a wide range of n- and p-type materials.

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to genetically adapt in Essay - 3

Effect of Ocean acidification upon ability to genetically adapt in Nereis species - Essay Example As such the project will examine how environmental stress manifest itself upon regulation of reproduction, and ultimately, reproductive success. To study the adaptive capacity and resilience in worms, the project will evaluate variations, which are observed in worms that are moved between various pH conditions. This evaluation can also serve as a measure for biomarkers that indicate effects of such pH stress. Studies of specimens that stem from volcanic vents, where release of carbon dioxide occurs, provide an opportunity to learn about the natural ecosystems (Fabry, et al., 2008) that have a low pH. It also provides a potential model to study the likelihood of species acclimatising and living in low pH habitats. The study should reveal more about the mechanisms that allow these worms to survive in these harsh environments. The main aim of this project is to evaluate the molecular and biochemical basis of pH acclimatisation, and the role of environmental factors such as temperature and carbon dioxide levels, which define the vent environment. Ocean acidification involves lowering the pH of ocean water, resulting from an increase in the uptake of CO2. Oceanic CO2 levels have increased over the past centuries, and they continue to rise at higher rates than ever. This has the effect of reducing the natural buffering capacity of the ocean, as well as lowering the pH of the water (Fabry, et al., 2008). Existing in natural CO2 vents, P. dumerilii has exhibited its ability to survive in such extremely low pH levels (Davidson, 2013), as compared to related Nereid species such as Nereis succinea, Nereis diversicolor and Nereis zonata. These pH levels range from 6.6-7.3 in the CO2 vents that exist in Ischia (Calosi, et al., 2013) and P. dumerilii is known to thrive in these vents whilst N. zonata co-occurs in the Ischia area but is not known to inhabit the low pH vents (VodÄÆ', 2015).

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Description and Development Essay

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Description and Development - Essay Example ATM was originally conceived as a solution for completely integrating the entire set of communication technologies, starting from the Local Area Network to the IP based systems and the broad band voice and data communication systems. ATM was proposed as the final and ultimate protocol to take care of all the requirements of all communication systems in the world. However, it was found that ATM could satisfy only some of these like ADSL could make full use of it. ATM was not used in its original form on the other devices. The best features and proposals of ATM were incorporated in a number of other standards that came about, typically, MPLS kind of systems. However, ATM has taken a rebirth in terms of the standards that are currently being developed IEC 62365 which provides for both audio and video over IP using ATM technologies. The aim of this paper is to present the asynchronous transfer mode as a standard protocol, its description and development over a period of time. The paper will also look at the places were this is being employed and to what extent these were successful in implementing the systems that are needed for the users. Asynchronous Transfer mode systems integrate Voice, Video and Data. Since it is connected oriented technology, one packet with the same source and destination will travel through the same route. This employs best effort delivery system which would enable performance and bandwidth on demand. Figure 1: Aimed at providing best service (IEC, 2005) ATM as per the standards defined would employ connection oriented, packet-like switching and multiplexing model. It starts by defining the fixed sized cell that comprises of 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header together making up the 53 bytes of cell information. ATM is fundamentally connection oriented. Therefore, it does multiplexing and reserves a route for a specific user on getting a request from the user. Multiplexing such lines over a network either from a user to a destination or from one switch to another would optimize the usage of the network to a great extent. This would save the cost of switching when requests are made one after the other and switch keeps changing the route. ATM also specifies a number of standards on how an user would get connected to an ATM network depending upon the speed of the network. ATM to User interface standards are governed by the ATM UNI standards. ATM has the following three layers: 1. The physical layer 2. ATM Layer 3. ATM adaptation layer The physical layer consists of various media that make up the transmission system, which would eventually transmit from kilobits per second to gigabits per second. The ATM layer defines the cells that make up the data transfer along with the other components; multiplexer that would switch the cell to the specific route that it should take, switches that would transmit data over a high speed switching hardware so that the transmission speed is achieved and finally have necessary software or hardware to take care of the issues that concern the traffic and do traffic management. In the ATM adaptation layer, four different types of data transfer is provided for the ATM system. AAL Type 1 Constant bit rate services AAL Type 2 Variable bit rate services AAL Type 3 / 4 Connectionless services and data protocols AAL Type 5 High Speed

Load Shedding Essay Example for Free

Load Shedding Essay As far as people are concerned, everyone in Karachi and outside Karachi is just fed up of the catastrophic conditions of load shedding. It leaves a very drastic impact over the minds of the people suffering from load shedding but on contrary this load shedding, very quietly and nicely played its role in bringing people closer and increasing the socialization, without the use of any telecommunication medium. Load shedding has much more benefits which cannot be presented on the fore and can not be considered as a benefit because on whole the load shedding is considered to be the worst process people had to pass through. Some other benefits of load shedding includes the rest in this hustling bustling world .people living in such world do not have time for themselves they live their life only for the sake of money. They just work like a machine, early rising 9 to 5 job then part time business, dinner with family, early to bed to rise up again early. In such routine life men forget him and lost him somewhere in this life .He had no time for himself, load shedding provides that leisure time to him to think for himself. A 19 years old teenager rise up at 7 o clock after breakfast leaves for the high school then after the routine timing he goes to tuition or any sort of part time job to earn his living or to get for his semester fees. Then he came back to his home by almost 9p.m just eat the dinner and get ready for chatting but as soon as he reaches the pc the light went off and he eventually decided to visit any of his friend near his house .then that one hour or more than an hour is the only time which aware him of the happening near to him. Although he was aware of what is happening in America or in Islamabad court but unaware of his neighbor conditions .hence the load shedding provides a Muslim the time to perform his duties for his neighbor as prescribed by Islam.

The Power of Appearance in Ben Johnsons Plays Essay -- Physical Appea

The Power of Appearance in Ben Johnson's Plays The very notion of drama depends in part upon the idea that when people dress up in different clothes, it is easier to imagine them as different people. Jonson commonly utilizes this device within his plays; for, when a character pretends to be someone else, he or she merely puts on the other person’s clothes. In â€Å"Volpone,† when Volpone puts on the garb of a commendatore, Mosca, a clarissimo, they are treated as such. When Volpone asks, â€Å"Am I then like him?† Mosca replies â€Å"O, sir, you are he; no man can sever you† (Jonson, Volpone, 5.5, l. 1-2). By putting on the other man’s garment, Volpone essentially becomes the commendatore whose cloak he has put on. Jonson is not suggesting that the audience actually believes that the actors have become their characters. However, he is making fun of this idea that because actor’s dress up in someone else’s clothing, the audience can accept the illusion of a group of lower-cla ss men playing women and kings. In â€Å"The Devil Is an Ass,† and â€Å"The New Inn† Jonson takes the power of appearances one step further. These plays accept as self-evident the idea that social class is defined by appearance. However, men like Fitzdottrel and Ambler who do not properly respect their rights to aristocratic dress, prove themselves less than aristocratic. Women like Prudence, who understand and respect the power of dress to mold appearances, are allowed to assume the role for which they have been costumed. Jonson seems to be suggesting that those characters who know that social class can actually be manipulated by appearance, and thus place the proper value on their appearances, are the true aristocrats – whether they are born to the rank or not.... ... This reading of Jonson’s exploration of the conditions upon nobility leads to an interesting conclusion concerning Jonson’s own life. While Jonson sought to rise within the courtly world, he never achieved nobility. Under this interpretation, Jonson’s failure would have been more satisfying to him than a token title bestowed as a favor by King James or King Charles, for Jonson appears to have considered preserving the worth of nobility to be far more important than his own social station. If actually entering the world of aristocracy meant cheapening it in any way (and one can hardly fail to acknowledge that Jonson’s character left something to be desired by way of a noble heart), then one could argue that Jonson would have preferred to stay always one step away from the aristocracy -- preserving its value both with his desire and with his failure.

Importance of Measuring and Managing Performance Essay

It is very important to measure and manage employee performance at Leyton Sixth Form College. The consequences if they don’t manage performance is that teachers won’t know whether they are progressing or not. Whether they’re way of teaching is effective or not. It is important for new employees to assess their performance so that management can make judgements on measuring performance will enable teachers to know where they stand and have a clear view on what skills they need to improve on. Motivation is important in LSC because it gets the employee to work as hard as possible. t helps push employees to achieve targets set. By identifying areas where an employee may be losing his colleagues, a personal development plan can be put in place. Similarly, if a negative trend is seen among a number of employees, company controls and procedures can be evaluated to address these problems at a general level. Measuring and managing performance helps LSC look at employee progress to see whether they are achieving all their targets. Also the importance of managing performance is to give good motivation for employees to work hard since they are being evaluated. LSC do an employee evaluation that gives teachers constructive criticism and an idea on what they need to work on and what they doing a good job on. Measuring performance benefit LSC as they reveal the good and bad aspects of a given job. They improve the relationships and moral within the organisation. Another important matter is that measuring and managing performance helps improve the performance of individuals to ultimately improve the efficiency and productivity of the company. Which in LSC case is the staff by doing performance developments and appraisals can help employees reach their full potentials.

Political Compromise

The political compromise during the period of 1820 to 1860 was unable to reduce sectional tension during this time period. According to Tom Meltzer and Jean H. Bennett, in their book Cracking the Ap U.s. History Exam, â€Å"The new period of expansion resulted in a national debate over slavery, as would every period of expansion to follow until the Civil War resolved the slavery question. † The Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and†¦ were just a quick fix for the inevitable to come, the civil war. The political compromises of this time period were not able to meet their final goal, primarily because of misunderstandings The Missouri compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, helped balance the U. S. Senate. The compromise was one of the first measures anticipating the Civil War, It was helpful for a small period of time before more states were created and tipped off the balance. The Missouri compromise wasn’t effective in reducing sectional tension, because it was only effective for a small period of time before sectional struggle began over the new territories that were being settled. Another example of a quick fix to reduce sectional tension is the Compromise of 1850. California created a state constitution that prohibited slavery, which of course caused the South to oppose bid for statehood. The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, enacted a fugitive slave law, and created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, it also let them decide if they wanted to be a free or slave state.

Free Essays on Mid Term

â€Å"You† Language, Factual Statements, and Feeling Statements The song that I chose to dissect for this assignment is â€Å"In The Air Tonight† by Phil Collins. There is a huge misconception of the meaning of this song, which is a big part of why I chose it for this project. Many people have heard that Phil Collins wrote this song out of anger toward a camp counselor that he had as a child. The story goes that Phil attended a summer camp as a kid and there was a tragic drowning of one of the fellow campers. It is said that one particular camp counselor saw the child drowning, and for whatever reason did not go in to rescue him. Collins saw what the counselor did, and could not believe he would be so cold-hearted in letting the young boy drown. As it goes, many years later after Phil Collins had become established as an artist, he wrote a song about the incident. He tracked down the ex-camp counselor and mailed him front row tickets to his concert. That night he sang â€Å"In The Air Tonight† and stared into the eyes of th e man who inspired the song. After the concert, the counselor, feeling horribly about the tragic accident, went and committed suicide. Don’t worry, this is simply myth. It is easy to see how one could get that meaning by the lyrics, but it is about something completely different. The song is about an incident in Phil Collin’s life, but not the one that most people think. It was actually produced after the singer’s first wife, Andrea, left him. The public can only guess that she may have cheated on him. Regardless, both interpretations are equally emotional and communicative. I have decided to dissect it literally, using three terms from the text to elaborate on it’s meaning. The three main terms I am pulling from the text are â€Å"you† language, factual statement, and feeling statement. I will also include some of the other terms that appear in the song in lesser impact. These include: one-... Free Essays on Mid Term Free Essays on Mid Term â€Å"You† Language, Factual Statements, and Feeling Statements The song that I chose to dissect for this assignment is â€Å"In The Air Tonight† by Phil Collins. There is a huge misconception of the meaning of this song, which is a big part of why I chose it for this project. Many people have heard that Phil Collins wrote this song out of anger toward a camp counselor that he had as a child. The story goes that Phil attended a summer camp as a kid and there was a tragic drowning of one of the fellow campers. It is said that one particular camp counselor saw the child drowning, and for whatever reason did not go in to rescue him. Collins saw what the counselor did, and could not believe he would be so cold-hearted in letting the young boy drown. As it goes, many years later after Phil Collins had become established as an artist, he wrote a song about the incident. He tracked down the ex-camp counselor and mailed him front row tickets to his concert. That night he sang â€Å"In The Air Tonight† and stared into the eyes of th e man who inspired the song. After the concert, the counselor, feeling horribly about the tragic accident, went and committed suicide. Don’t worry, this is simply myth. It is easy to see how one could get that meaning by the lyrics, but it is about something completely different. The song is about an incident in Phil Collin’s life, but not the one that most people think. It was actually produced after the singer’s first wife, Andrea, left him. The public can only guess that she may have cheated on him. Regardless, both interpretations are equally emotional and communicative. I have decided to dissect it literally, using three terms from the text to elaborate on it’s meaning. The three main terms I am pulling from the text are â€Å"you† language, factual statement, and feeling statement. I will also include some of the other terms that appear in the song in lesser impact. These include: one-...

20 Things to Put on Your Bucket List

20 Things to Put on Your Bucket List The end of the year provides a great opportunity for reflection, and in my quarterly business planning day with ActionCOACH in Madison, we did a lot of reflecting. I looked at my experiences, both personal and professional, over the past year, and what the impact has been on who I am. I examined what would need to change about myself to accomplish the things I didn’t accomplish. And I celebrated the accomplishments I did achieve. I wrote a gratitude list that included everything from fennel soup to yoga to the amazing people in my life- friends, family, and clients. Finally, I wrote down some of the things on my â€Å"bucket list†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the proverbial list of things to do before I â€Å"kick the bucket.† On that list were things like traveling to Japan and Seattle, swimming with dolphins, being a Big Sister, and writing my Life and Leadership book. I also want one of those cool Apple Series 3 watches that counts my swim strokes for me. These items speak to my desire to be adventurous, make a difference for someone, and be at the top of my fitness game. They are more than activities and things; they are about who I want to be. This week, as we approach the last stretch of 2017, I invite you to look into the future, toward the things that you want to be part of your ideal life and the ideal you in the future. Below are some categories offered by ActionCOACH that might spark some ideas – and some that I added. See if you can list something in every category. For the purposes of the exercise, don’t worry about money or practicality. Put your skeptic aside and go wild! Celeste Chua, the author of Bucket List Ideas: 101 Things To Do Before You Die, suggests that you come up with 101 things for your bucket list. That’s a lot of things, but they sure will be a lot of fun to check off! And the exercise is completely free! 20 Questions to Generate Your Bucket List Meet someone you admire Have a particular conversation Achieve something you want to achieve Reach a physical fitness goal Buy or acquire a special item Give a gift Embark on an ultimate challenge Conquer a fear Perform kind acts for others Express your creativity Learn something new or improve a skill Leave a legacy Do something silly/idiotic/ridiculous/crazy fun! Satisfy a curiosity Travel somewhere you’ve always wanted to travel Live somewhere you’ve always wanted to live Go on an adventure with your family or friends Witness a special moment Work in a particular job or field Start a business If you’re stuck, maybe one of these lists could help spark some ideas: Bucket List Journeys Bucket List Goals Celestine Chuas Bucket List Ideas: 101 Things To Do Before You Die As you think about your answers, consider the meaning the activity or thing has for you. Who would you become by attaining or doing it? And/or who would you have to become in order to attain or do it? If you’re willing, please share a couple of things that are on your bucket list and what those things mean to you. Let’s get this conversation going! If you find that going back to school or embarking on a new career pursuit make your bucket list, I would be happy to help you present your best self with MBA admissions help, a custom resume, or LinkedIn profile writing.

Enlightening Experience from the Childhood Personal Statement - 8

Enlightening Experience from the Childhood - Personal Statement Example For the other game, we would chase each other around and whoever was ‘it’ had to touch the other one so he would be ‘it’ until we were chasing each other around in a circle. For the other game, we would chase each other around and whoever was ‘it’ had to touch the other one so he would be ‘it’ until we were chasing each other around in a circle. One day we were playing ‘run’ and I was winning.   I was running so fast I thought I was flying.   But Toby wasn’t very far behind me.   I could hear him breathing, so I was putting all my effort into it.   I could feel my face getting all scrunched up so I knew I was running all out just to stay ahead of Toby.   One minute, Toby was breathing down my neck and the next I heard him yelp and no more breathing.   I looked back and some strange man was holding Toby up in the air, his legs still kicking and with a surprised look on his face.   I was so surprised I almost ran straight into the fence.  Ã‚   The man was yelling something that I couldn’t hear at first because Toby was hollering and blood was pounding in my ears from the race and I was breathing heavy.   Then the words came in crystal clear. â€Å"†¦ black boy.   What do you think you’re doing chasing that white boy like that?   Don’t you know your place?   I’ll be giving you a sound beating for this one.   You just wait till I get my belt off, you’ll get a beating like you never have seen before.   You no account †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Issue in Contemporary Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Issue in Contemporary Management - Essay Example Trait refers to recurring regularities or trends in a person behavior and the trait theory asserts that people behave in a certain way because of the strengths of their traits. The literature contains tons of information regarding trait approach however we will focus on the common grounds deduced by those researches. The Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality has been endorsed by almost all the researchers who were focused towards trait approach (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy, 2002). The FFM model was first identified by Webb in 1915 but over the period of time many of the researchers using diverse samples have supported these five dimensions of the personality. We will be briefly discussing those five dimensions in the next section. The five dimensions of personality comprise of; Surgency, Agreeableness, Dependability, Adjustment and Openness. Surgency refers to a person’s need for power and his ability to dominate other people. Generally, this factor is evident in those people who are self-confident, competitive and decisive. The second dimension is concerned with Agreeableness which implies that a leader builds a close rapport and creates a sense of harmony with others. Leaders who are high in agreeableness tend to be more empathetic, friendly and optimistic. Dependability is relevant to those behavioral aspects of a leader which are concerned with one’s approach to work. A highly dependable individual would show unwavering commitment towards his work. He will always invest in diligent efforts towards his work and people are highly dependable on him. The dimension of Adjustment is concerned with how people adapt towards different situations and how they react to pressure, failure, and personal c riticism. Leaders who are high in adjustment tend to be more calm and tolerant towards handling stressful situations. Openness refers to how one feels in countering new situation and experiences. Leaders who possess higher openness

My Favorite Trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Favorite Trip - Essay Example The celebration was so large and the fireworks display was so magnificent I could not help but continually wonder how much money the park must have spent on putting on such a show. However, although New Year’s Eve night itself was a highlight, I was also amazed by the diversity of activities that presented itself with Disney World itself. Rather than just being a collection of amusement rides, the park offers an amazing array of educational activities. One of the reasons that such a diversity of activities is available is due to the fact that such a diversity of individuals go to Disney World each and every year. Each one of these has unique desires, goals, tastes, and hopes for their overall experience. As a way to meet these, Disney World has provided a selection of activities that can ensure that each and every person that goes there will find at least one or two activities that they would really like to do while there. While there I engaged in almost all of the activities that they had with the exception of the animal displays. My experience was so positive that I would highly encourage anyone to plan a visit to Disney World as a way to make a holiday even

Profile of Inflammatory and Infective Skin Diseases

Profile of Inflammatory and Infective Skin Diseases Contributors with their highest academic degree: GIRI VISHAL P*. , MD (PHARMACOLOGY) GIRI OM P. , MD (MEDICINE), PhD (MEDICINE) GUPTA SUDHIR K. , MD ( SKIN VD) SHUBHRA KANODIA , MDS (Std), (ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY) Department(s) and institution(s) : â€Å"Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Inflammatory and Infective Skin  Diseases in a Tertiary Care Centre of South India† ABSTRACT The present medical audit-study was undertaken to analyze clinical and epidemiological profile of inflammatory and infective skin diseases and to arrive at important facts about these diseases.1134 patients who attended the Dermatology of a   Medical and College Hospital were the subjects of this study . The findings were recorded in a proforma for analysis and interpretation .Etiological analysis revealed that majority ( 599 ; 52.82 % ) of dermatoses belonged to inflammatory group followed by infective group ( 535 ; 47.18 % ). Of the inflammatory group, allergic contact dermatitis ( 209 ;18.43 % ) was the most common entity followed by irritant contact dermatitis (180; 15.87 %) , seborrhroeic dermatitis( 120 ; 10.58 % ), atopic dermatitis ( 50; 4.41 % ), psoriasis ( 20; 1.76 % ) and pompholyx ( 20 ; 1.76 % ).Of the infective group, bacterial infection was the most common disease ( 349 ; 30.78% ) followed by scabies (122 ; 10.76 %) , fungal (57 ; 5.02 %) and viral infection( 3 ; 0. 26 % ).This study provides a preliminary baseline data for future clinical research. It might also help to assess the changing trends of inflammatory and infective skin diseases . Key Words: inflammatory skin diseases, infective skin diseases, changing trends in skin diseases. INTRODUCTION The pattern of skin disease is a consequence of poverty , malnutrition , overcrowding , poor hygiene , illiteracy and social backwardness in many parts of India . The examination for skin diseases is an important component of health care practice for all. Status of health , hygiene and personal cleaniness of a society can be judged from the prevalence of certain skin diseases in the community . The pattern of skin diseases vary from one country to another and within the same country from one state to another due to various climatic , cultural and socio-economic factors.[1,2] MATERIAL AND METHODS The relevant data available from medical case records of the Dermatology outpatient department of a Medical College and Hospital was collected by the investigator in person during period January 2011 to June 2012 . Name ,age ,gender , type and duration of disease were recorded in a proforma for analysis and interpretation of data . Total 1134 ( one thousand one hundred thirty four ) medical case records of inflammatory and infective skin diseases were collected and scrutinized for this observational ,perspective and medical audit- study. RESULTS Out of 1134 patients scrutinized , 220 ( 19.40 % ) patients were children up to five years of age and 149 ( 13.14 % ) children were 6 to 10 years of age . Most of adults 358 ( 31.57 % ) were aged 21 to 40 years and 146 ( 12.87 % ) adults belonged to 41 to 60 years age group . Females ( 581 ; 51.23 % ) slightly outnumbered males ( 553 ; 48.77 % ). [ Table 1-6] The majority ( 599 ; 52.82 % ) of patients belonged to inflammatory group followed by infective group ( 535 ; 47.18 % ). [Table1,2] Pattern of inflammatory skin diseases revealed allergic contact dermatitis to be the commonest ( 209 ; 18.43 % ) followed by irritant contact dermatitis (180 ; 15.87 % ) , seborrhoeic dermatitis ( 120 ; 10. 58 % ) , atopic dermatitis ( 50 ; 4.41 % ) , psoriasis ( 20; 1.76 % ) and pompholyx ( 20; 1.76 % ). [ Table 1 ] Among infective skin diseases , bacterial infection ( 349 ; 30.78 % ) was most common entity . Scabies was recorded in 122 ( 10.76 % ) patients . Fungal infection was recorded in 57 ( 5.03 % ) and viral infection 3 ( 0.26 % ) patients .[ Table 2 ] Seasonal variation pattern was observed in some diseases . Impetigo and dermatophytosis were recorded mainly in rainy and summer seasons. Scabies was recorded mainly in winter and rainy seasons . Atopic dermatitis and seborrhoeic dermatitis were documented more in winter season . DISCUSSION Pattern of inflammatory and infective skin diseases has varied in different studies. In this study , majority ( 599; 52.82 % ) of skin diseases belonged to inflammatory group followed by infective group ( 535 ; 47.18 % ) . A similar pattern of dermatoses has also been reported in several other studies .[3-8] However, in other studies infective group has been the predominant dermatoses.[9-22] Of the inflammatory dermatoses , allergic contact dermatitis was the commonest ( 209; 18.43 % ) out of all 1134 patients followed by irritant contact dermatitis( 180; 15.87 % ), seborrhoeic dermatitis ( 120 ; 10.58 % ), atopic dermatitis ( 50; 4.41 % ), psoriasis ( 20 ; 1.76 % ) and pompholyx (20; 1.76 % ). In chidren aged up to five years atopic dermatitis was the commonest ( 8 ; 0.71 % ) followed by seborrhoeic dermatitis ( 7 ;0.62 % ) , irritant contact dermatitis ( 6;0.53 % ) and pompholyx ( 2 : 0.18 % ). Similar finding has been observed in other studies . [2,5,6] Of the infective dermatoses, bacterial infections (349; 30.78 %) were the most common followed by fungal ( 57; 5.03 % ) and viral infections ( 3; 0.26 % ). Similar pattern has been observed in some other studies as well .[2,5] Studies have reported fungal infection to be more common.[13,14,22] Viral infections out-numbered bacterial and fungal infections in few studies .[7,8] Impetigo was the commonest ( 158 ; 13.93 % ) bacterial infection followed by secondary pyoderma ( 133; 11.73 % ), folliculitis ( 25 ; 2.20 % ), furunculosis ( 20; 1.76 % ) and acute paronychia ( 13; 1.15 % ). Scabies was the most common infestation seen in 122 ( 10. 76 % ) patients in the present study . CONCLUSION Majority of dermatoses belonged to inflammatory group followed by infective group , though the difference is narrow (64 ; 5.64 % ).Of the infective group bacterial infection was the most common disease followed by scabies , fungal and viral infection. This study points towards changing trends in dermatoses . This study provides preliminary baseline data for the future epidemiological and clinical research . It might also help to assess the changing trends of dermatoses. REFERENCES 1. William H.C. â€Å"Epidemiology of skin diseases† in : Burns T, Breathnach.S COXN Griffiths editors, Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, 7th ed. Oxford : Blackwell science ; 2004 ; 81 : 06-21. 2. Balal M , Khare AK , Gupta LK , Mittal A , Kuldeep CM. Pattern of paediatric dermatosis in a tertiary care centre of South West Rajasthan . Indian J Dermatol 2012 ; 57 : 275 -8 . 3. Das DA, Haldar HS, Das DJ, Mazumdar MG, Biswas BS, Sarkar SJ. Dermatological disease pattern in an urban institution in Kolkata. Ind J Dermatol 2005;50:22-3. 4. Symvoulakis EK, Krasagakis K, Komninos ID, Kastrinakis I, Lyronis I, Philalithis A, et al. Primary care and pattern of skin diseases in a Mediterranean island. BMC Fam Pract 2006;7:6. 5. Gul U ,Cakmak SK, Gonul M, Kilic A , Bilgili S . Pediatric skin disorders encountered in a dermatology outpatient clinic in Turkey .Pediatr Dermatol 2008 ; 25 :277-78 . 6. Nanda A, Hasawi FA, Alsaleh QA. A prospective survey of pediatric dermatology clinic in Kuwait: An analysis of 10,000 cases.Pediatr Dermatol 1999 ; 16: 5-11. 7.Wenk C, ltin PH . Epidemiology of pediatric dermatology and allergology in the region of Aargau, Switzerland. Pediatr Dermatol 2003 ; 20: 109-12 . 8. Hon KL, Leung TF ,Wong T, Ma KC, Fok TF . Skin diseases in chinese children at a pediatric dermatology centre. Pediatr Dermatol 2004 ;21: 109-12 . 9. Nnoruka EN. Skin diseases in south-east Nigeria: A current perspective. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:29-33. 10. Tomb RR, Nassar JS. Profile of skin diseases observed in a department of dermatology (1995-2000). J Med Liban 2000;48:302-9 11 . Das KK. Pattern of dermatological diseases in Gauhati medical college and hospital Guahati. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 20011;77:603-4. 12. Agarwal S, Sharma P, Gupta S, Ojha A. Pattern of skin diseases in Kumaun region of Uttarakhand. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77:603-4. 13 . Das S, Chatterjee T. Pattern of skin diseases in a peripheral hospitals skin OPD: A study of 2550 patients. Ind J Dermatol 2007;52:93-5.10 14. Sanjiv Grover, Rakesh K. Ranyal and Mehar K Bedi; â€Å"A cross section of skin diseases in rural Allahabad† , Indian J.Dermatol. 2008 ; 53 (4): 179-81. 15 . Kar C, Das S, Roy AK. Pattern of skin diseases in a tertiary institution in Kolkata. Indian J Dermatol 2014;59:209 16. Ghosh SK, Dey SK, Saha I, Barbhuiya JN, Ghosh A, Roy AK. Pityriasis versicolor: a clinicomycological and epidemiological study from a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):182-5. 17. Bhalla.K.K, â€Å"Pattern of skin diseases in a semi-urban community of Delhi†, Indian J.dermatol.venereol.leprol. 1984; 50: 213-4. 18. Gangadharan C , Joseph A , Sarojini A. Pattern of skin diseases in Kearla . Indian J Dermatol Venerol Leprol 1976; 42 : 49 -51 . 19 . Kuruvilla M, Dubey S, Gahalaut P., â€Å"Pattern of skin diseases among migrant construction workers in Mangalore†, Indian J.Dermatol.venereol.leprol. 2006; 72: 129-32. 20. Kuruvilla M, Sridhar KS, Kumar P, Rao G. Pattern of skin diseases in Bantwal Taluq, Dakshina Kannada. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2000;66:247-8.11 21 . Dayal SG, Gupta G.P, â€Å"A cross section of skin diseases in Bundelkhand region UP.†, Indian J.Dermatol.venereol.leprol, 1977; 43: 258-61. 22. Devi T, Zamzachin G, â€Å"Pattern of skin diseases in Imphal†.Indian J.Dermatology, 2006; 51: 149-50. Table 1 : Pattern of skin inflammation in both sexes Diseases Male Female Total No. % No. % No. % Allergic contact dermatitis 105 9.26 104 9.17 209 18.43 Irritant contact dermatitis 81 7.14 99 8.73 180 15.87 Seborrhoeic dermatitis 71 6.26 49 4.32 120 10.58 Atopic dermatitis 19 1.68 31 2.73 50 4.41 Psoriasis 11 0.97 9 0.79 20 1.76 Pompholyx 8 0.70 12 1.06 20 1.76 Total 295 26.01 304 26.81 599 52.82 Table 2 : Pattern of skin infection in both sexes Diseases Male Female Total No. % No. % No. % Impetigo 72 6.35 86 7.58 158 13.93 Secondary pyoderma 72 6.35 61 5.38 133 11.73 Folliculitis 10 0.88 15 1.32 25 2.20 Furunculosis 8 0.70 12 1.06 20 1.76 Acute paronychia 5 0.44 8 0.70 13 1.15 Scabies 56 4.94 66 5.82 122 10.76 Pediculosis 2 0.18 2 0.18 4 0 .35 Dermatophytosis 22 1.94 15 1.32 37 3.26 Pitiriasis versicolor 11 0.97 9 0.79 20 1.76 Molluscum contagiosum 0 0 3 0.26 3 0.26 Total 258 22.75 277 24.43 535 47.18 Table 3 : Pattern of skin inflammation in different age groups (years) Diseases up to 5 6-10 11-20 No. % No. % No. % Allergic contact dermatitis 0 0 4 0.35 33 2.91 Irritant contact dermatitis 6 0.53 7 0.62 27 2.38 Seborrhoeic dermatitis 7 0.62 14 1.23 29 2.56 Atopic dermatitis 8 0.71 5 0.44 4 0.35 Psoriasis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pompholyx 2 0.18 5 0.44 3 0.26 Total 23 2.03 35 3.09 96 8.47 Table 4 : Pattern of skin inflammation in different age groups ( years ) Diseases 21-40 41-60 61-100 No. % No. % No. % Allergic contact dermatitis 80 7.05 47 4.14 45 3.97 Irritant contact dermatitis 104 9.17 30 2.65 6 0.53 Seborrhoeic Dermatitis 40 3.53 20 1.76 10 0.88 Atopic dermatitis 20 1.76 3 0.26 10 0.09 Psoriasis 13 1.15 3 0.26 4 0.35 Pompholyx 10 0.88 0 0 0 0 Total 267 23.54 103 9.08 75 6.61 Table 5 : Pattern of skin infection in different age groups ( years ) Diseases up to 5 6-10 11-20 No. % No. % No. % Impetigo 96 8.47 37 3.26 15 1.32 Secondary pyoderma 59 5.20 35 3.09 23 2.02 Folliculitis 1 0.09 1 0.09 3 0.26 Furunculosis 1 0.09 1 0.09 4 0.35 Acute paronychia 0 0 1 0.09 1 0.09 Scabies 37 3.26 34 3.00 23 2.03 Pediculosis 0 0 0 0 3 0.26 Dermatophytosis 1 0.09 4 0.35 4 0.35 Pitiriasis versicolor 0 0 0 0 0 0 Molluscum contagiosum 2 0.18 1 0.09 0 0 Total 197 17.37 114 10.05 76 6.70 Table 6 : Pattern of skin infection in different age groups (years) Diseases 21- 40 41- 60 61- 100 No. % No. % No. % Impetigo 7 0.62 3 0.26 0 0 Secondary pyoderma 8 0.70 4 0.35 4 0.35 Folliculitis 15 1.32 4 0.35 1 0.09 Furunculosis 10 0.88 3 0.26 1 0.09 Acute paronychia 4 0.35 6 0.53 1 0.09 Scabies 20 1.76 4 0.35 4 0.35 Pediculosis 0 0 0 0 2 0.18 Dermatophytosis 17 1.50 10 0.88 2 0.18 Pitiriasis versicolor 10 0.88 9 0.79 1 0.09 Molluscum contagiosum 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 91 8.02 43 3.80 16 1.41 1

Free Native Son Essays: White Like Me :: Native Son Essays

Native Son:  Ã‚   White Like Me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Never have I read a book that has so clearly accounted for the African American’s feelings towards white people. The hate that brews inside of the African Americans is unbelievably strong. I am trying to see the racism from the African American’s point of view, rather than the â€Å"white view†Ã‚   I have had my entire life.   I feel guilty, I am afraid, I fear the black man.    The protagonist of the novel is Bigger Thomas. He is from the lowest rung of the American social ladder of Depression-era Chicago: he is black, and he is poor. He has been trapped his whole life by the white society, and he has a burning, eternal hate for them. White people made him live the life he lived. By not letting him become anything but a servant, they led him to a life of crime and hate. For so long, too long, the whites saw every black the same. They were all bad and dirty and awful people. In turn, Bigger saw all whites as being bad. To him, every white man is out to hurt him. He returns the racist attitude presented to him by all of the white folk. He does not know how else to act. He only does what he knows how to do. He follows the white man’s example. Bigger proves, though, that he can change. He is willing to learn and to change. He proves that he can be taught, that he is not just an ignorant Negro. Jan Erlone and Boris Max helped him to see this. They encoura ged Bigger to fight and to believe in himself as a human. Bigger begins to see that â€Å"whiteness† is really individual people, and racial conflicts aren’t simply â€Å"whiteness† vs. â€Å"blackness.† He gives Max more of a chance than a whole society gave him. Everyone automatically assumed that Bigger raped and murdered Mary; their minds never were really open to anything else. Bigger opened his mind. He gave white folk a chance. Max treated him like a man, a person, and Bigger was grateful for that and he let Max know that by talking to him. If only the white folk could have realized that they needed to give him a chance. Had they treated him like a human being then maybe he would have told them all they wanted to know. Free Native Son Essays: White Like Me :: Native Son Essays Native Son:  Ã‚   White Like Me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Never have I read a book that has so clearly accounted for the African American’s feelings towards white people. The hate that brews inside of the African Americans is unbelievably strong. I am trying to see the racism from the African American’s point of view, rather than the â€Å"white view†Ã‚   I have had my entire life.   I feel guilty, I am afraid, I fear the black man.    The protagonist of the novel is Bigger Thomas. He is from the lowest rung of the American social ladder of Depression-era Chicago: he is black, and he is poor. He has been trapped his whole life by the white society, and he has a burning, eternal hate for them. White people made him live the life he lived. By not letting him become anything but a servant, they led him to a life of crime and hate. For so long, too long, the whites saw every black the same. They were all bad and dirty and awful people. In turn, Bigger saw all whites as being bad. To him, every white man is out to hurt him. He returns the racist attitude presented to him by all of the white folk. He does not know how else to act. He only does what he knows how to do. He follows the white man’s example. Bigger proves, though, that he can change. He is willing to learn and to change. He proves that he can be taught, that he is not just an ignorant Negro. Jan Erlone and Boris Max helped him to see this. They encoura ged Bigger to fight and to believe in himself as a human. Bigger begins to see that â€Å"whiteness† is really individual people, and racial conflicts aren’t simply â€Å"whiteness† vs. â€Å"blackness.† He gives Max more of a chance than a whole society gave him. Everyone automatically assumed that Bigger raped and murdered Mary; their minds never were really open to anything else. Bigger opened his mind. He gave white folk a chance. Max treated him like a man, a person, and Bigger was grateful for that and he let Max know that by talking to him. If only the white folk could have realized that they needed to give him a chance. Had they treated him like a human being then maybe he would have told them all they wanted to know.

Economic Impact of Pollution on Health Essay

Environmental degradation has indirect relationship with economic activity of households by affecting their health. Diseases borne by environmental pollution result in loss of income, loss of working hours, low labor productivity and heavy expenditure on health by households. This research assessed the economic impact of environmental pollution on human health. It was a micro level study conducted in the district of Rawalpindi. For this purpose, primary data was collected through interview schedule by using simple random technique. The extent of relationship between pollution borne diseases and income loss, expenditure on health and working hours was estimated through ANCOVA regression model using mixture of quantitative and qualitative variables. Results revealed the fact that there is both water and air pollution in Rawalpindi. Pure drinking water is seldom available. People are widely suffering from pollution borne diseases. Due to incidence of pollution borne diseases like malaria, hepatitis and asthma; household’s expenditure increases significantly. Of three diseases malaria is less dangerous according to economic point of view, because its treatment takes fewer resources out of total expenditure, while asthma and hepatitis occupies a large share of household expenditure. Income of household’s did not show significant response towards diseases, this result is justified by the logic, as when any member of family gets ill, other members or he/she himself try to earn more to meet health expenditure. On the other hand, outbreaks of such diseases in a country transmit a great shock to GDP of that country, because Govt. has to allocate certain handsome amount of budget to deal with such serious health issues. Similarly, it was observed that working hours of labor are seriously affected by the incidence of such diseases. Moreover, an affected person’s productivity also differs significantly from those who are healthy. Pollution is a negative characteristic of environment which causes degradation and affects the activities of individuals living in the environment. It is suggested that there must be some sound policy to defend the environment of Rawalpindi, so that quality of life can be better off for citizens. Clean environment is the pre-requisite for the citizens to play some constructive role in nation’s development.

Reward Management System

TERM PAPER OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT TOPIC: REWARD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM {draw:frame} SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: OVERVIEW: REWARD MANAGEMENT Reward management is about the development, implementation, maintenance communication, and evaluation of reward processes. These processes deal with the assessment of relative job values, the design and management of pay structures, performance management, paying for performance, competence or skill (contingent pay), the provision of employee benefits and pensions, and management of reward procedure. Employers and mangers should pay attention to their employees and special attention to the best employees. This is done to encourage good performers, to push them to greater heights. Positive recognition for people can ensure a positive and a productive organization. The recognition of outstanding performance aims to create an understanding of what behavior might add significant value to the organization and to promote such behavior. Awards- monetary and non-monetary – should be given based on the achievements and accomplishments of workers. The Business Research Lab, 2006) But first, let's take a quick look at the primary goals of rewards and recognition. Jack Zigon defines rewards as â€Å"_something than increases the frequency of an employee action_† (1998). This definition points to an obvious desired outcome of rewards and recognition: to improve performance. Non-monetary recognition can be very motivating, helping to build feelings of confidence and satisfaction (Keller 1999). Another important goal is increased employee retention. An ASTD report on retention research identified consistent employee recognition as a key factor in retaining top-performing workers. (Jimenez 1999). COMPONENTS OF REWARD SYSTEM An organization’s reward system compromises three components- Monetary rewards, Non-monetary rewards and psychological satisfaction. Monetary rewards Monetary rewards are those paid by any negotiable instrument- cash, cheque, money order and direct deposit. It can also be any item that can be readily converted to cash such as savings bonds or gift –cards/certificates. Non-monetary rewards These can be in the form of meals, trips, plaques, trophies, desk items, cups and mugs, personal items and clothing such as caps, shirts and sweatshirts and other items such as tools, electronics, radios and sports equipments. Psychological satisfaction This form of reward includes opportunities to perform meaningful work, social interactions with others in the workplace, job training, career advancement opportunities, recognition, employer brand, and a host of similar factors. REWARD SYSTEM {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:rect} {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:rect} draw:line} * {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:rect} * {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:rect} * {draw:rect} * {draw:rect} {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} * {draw:rect} * {draw:rect} * {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} {draw:li ne} * {draw:line} * {draw:rect} * {draw:rect} {draw:line} {draw:line} * {draw:line} * {draw:line} {draw:rect} {draw:line} {draw:rect} {draw:line} {draw:rect} draw:line} {draw:rect} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:rect} LINKAGE OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT TO REWARD SYSTEM Performance management is concerned with measuring individuals' effectiveness in their roles, understanding their aspirations and determining which development actions would be most appropriate. Reward management is about understanding individuals' motivating factors, and determining the level of pay, bonus and other rewards they receive. In some organizations the links between the two are strong and explicit, while in others they are kept deliberately separate. Work in these areas can be prompted by evidence of employee dissatisfaction, such as high turnover or poor morale, or by the desire to drive a change in some aspect of employees' behavior. The effectiveness of an organization's performance and reward management can have a major impact not only on morale and productivity but also its ability to attract and retain staff. Many companies have found that far from complementing the stated aims of the business, their performance and reward systems were actually driving counter-productive behavior. Motivation and Reward System Management Employee motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an employee to behave in a certain manner for accomplishing certain organizational goals. It is imperative for the organization to enhance motivation level of the employees in order to bring out the best in them. The motivation-level of the sales force must be kept high in order that the sales force efficiently realizes the sales goals. Reward system management is the framework that envisions formulation of different types of reward systems to boost the motivation of the salespersons. Role of Compensation and Rewards* in Organization: Compensation and Reward system plays vital role in a business organization. Since, among four Ms, i. _e__ Men, Material, Machine and Money, _Men has been most important factor, it is impossible to imagine a business process without Men. Land, Labor, Capital and Organization are four major factors of production. Every factor contributes to the process of production/business. It expects return from the business process such as Rent is the return expected by the Landlord. imilarly Capitalist expects Interest and Organizers i. e Entrepreneur expects profits. The labour expects wages from the process. It is evident that other factors are in-human factors and as such labour plays vital role in bringing about the process of production/business in motion. The other factors being human, has expectations, emotions, ambitions and egos. Labour therefore expects to have fair share in the business/production process. Advantages of Fair Compensation System: Therefore a fair compensation system is a must for every business organization. The fair compensation system will help in the following: If an ideal compensation system is designed, it will have positive impact on the efficiency and results produced by workmen. Such system will encourage the normal worker to perform better and achieve the standards fixed. this system will encourage the process of job evaluation. It will also help in setting up an ideal job evaluation, which will have transparency, and the standards fixing would be more realistic and achievable. Such a system would be well defined and uniform. It will be apply to all the levels of the organization as a general system. The system would be simple and flexible so that every worker/recipient would be able to compute his own compensation receivable. Such system would be easy to implement, so that it would not penalize the workers for the reasons beyond their control and would not result in exploitation of workers. It will raise the morale, efficiency and cooperation among the workers. It, being just and fair would provide satisfaction to the workers. Such system would help management in complying with the various labor acts. Such system would also bring about amicable settlement of disputes between the workmen union and management. 10. The system would embody itself the principle of equal work equal wages. Encouragement for those who perform better and opportunities for those who wish to excel. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION The data I’ve chosen for my study is SECONDARY data. The relevant secondary data is collected from the sources like Internet and books. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to: Investigate the relationship between the human resource function and payroll administration Evaluate the link between pay and performance Understanding the overall objectives and structure of the organisation, and the factors that have prompted the review of performance and reward Understanding how the current performance and reward management systems work, how they are perceived, and what effect they are having Agreeing what behaviours and capabilities should be rewarded, and what reward elements and approaches should be used, for which employees Goals and objectives of rewarding in an organization The main purpose of this rewarding strategy is to support business goals and to recruit and retain high performers’ . Compensation and rewarding is important. A recognition programme can be arranged anytime and it does not have to be expensive. All it needs is fairness, high visibility and consistency. To be fair, a programme must not favor one employee over another. Making certain that a programme is highly visible will help to ensure consistent implementation . The reward should just be part of the process. Recognition, however, can be achieved by the reward given at a gathering of employees. A good manager automatically knows that employee satisfaction is essential to healthy teamwork and productivity. The best manager will always try to find ways to bring out the strengths in every employee but when an employee just isn't fit for the job, the manager should take a hard look for a better way to use their talents. Management To insure fair and consistent application, set of rewards and recognition programmes should be developed. This should be characterized by pre-arranged frequently scheduled ways of acknowledging contributions and accomplishments for an individual or team. Reward and recognition should be given as acknowledgements and appreciation for attendance, safety, customer service, productivity, public service, outstanding achievements and the like. Attendance reward is given as an incentive to reduce the number of unplanned sick days or lost days due to injury and to reduce the level of over time required to back bill absent employees. Customer service rewards help to promote and recognize employees for outstanding customer service. Sales award provides an incentive for employees to increase the sales margin over the previous fiscal year, such as in a bookstall. Another approach to employee recognition is by providing employee rewards and recognition at anytime for demonstration of behaviors and values of the organization; contributions to the goals and objectives of the organization or work unit and to acknowledge individual or team accomplishments. Such behaviors and contribution are team work, project completion, suggestion for a new or modified business practice, exemplary efforts, employee appreciation, employee of the month and honouring separating employees. PAY AND REWARD SYSTEM Pay is an important feature of human resource management – after all, it is the main reason why people work. It is a sensitive and controversial area that has been extensively debated at both practical and theoretical levels. In the US the term ‘compensation' is used to encompass everything received by an employed individual in return for work. For example, Milcovich et al (2001: 6) state that: â€Å"Employees may see compensation as a return in exchange between their employer and themselves, as an entitlement for being an employee of the company, or as a reward for a job well done†. The term ‘reward management' covers both the strategy and the practice of pay systems. Traditionally, human resource or personnel sections have been concerned with levels and schemes of payment whereas the process of paying employees – the payroll function – has been the responsibility of finance departments. There is a trend towards integrating the two, driven by new computerized packages offering a range of facilities. There are two basic types of pay schemes, although many organizations have systems which include elements of both: Fixed levels of pay. Wages or salaries which do not vary from one period to the next except by defined pay increases, generally on annual basis. There may be scales of payments determined by age, responsibility or seniority. Most ‘white-collar' jobs were paid in this way until recently. Reward linked to performance. The link may be daily, weekly, monthly or annualized. Payment for any one period varies from that for any other period, depending on quantity or quality of work. Sales functions are commonly paid on the basis of turnover; manual and production workers may be paid according to work completed or items produced. Catering staff typically rely on direct payment from satisfied customers in the form of service charges or tips (gratuities). Both methods work smoothly, provided that scales are easy to understand and the methods of measuring completed work are overt, accurate and fair. However, there has been considerable dissatisfaction with the management of pay on both sides of the employment relationship. In recent years, attempts have been made to remedy the situation through new systems and a greater reliance on performance-related pay. 5 Ways to Reward Employees (Without Spending a Dime) Your firm's employees work hard (well, most of them). And in a world where corporations like to boast about running â€Å"lean and mean,† it may seem nearly impossible to compensate employees for doing good work without breaking the budget. Here's the hard-earned advice to reward employees. 1. Flex those hours. If there's one free reward that rises above the rest, it's flexible work schedules. Nearly every expert suggested flex time as a perk that offers the most gain with the least pain. Give a little latitude in determining work schedules and to take time for family or personal issues (such as doctor’s appointment and banking errands),† advised Richard Martin, president of Alcera Consulting Inc. â€Å"As long as the employee is deserving and doesn’t abuse the privilege, this can go a long way to building trusting and mature relationships with key workers. † 2. Send a handwritten note. Supervisors should ask top brass to write a personal note to employees who deserve recognition. For example, Advanced MD CEO Jim Pack handwrites his thank-you notes to employees on a $2 bill. In three years of doing this, only one employee has asked if he could spend it,† said company spokesman John Pilmer. 3. Make work fun. â€Å"Everyone must be having fun and socializing while doing work. The environment of the organization must be very conducive. 4. Help them connect. Introducing employees to key suppliers, customers or someone in senior management can help make an employee's career, and it won't cost you a thing. 5. Lose the shoes. Kerrie Ray, an account executive with the Echo Media Group public relations irm, said implementing a â€Å"no-shoes policy† can make employees feel right at home with each other, which translates into increased productivity. (But she suggests keeping the footwear handy in case clients come in. ) â€Å"It's great to be in an office where employees are more concerned about doing quality work than what shoes or jewelry they have on,† she said. â€Å"We get so much done. † 6. Send them to the showers. (As in parties, not lathering and rinsing. ) â€Å"Every birth and wedding deserves a shower,†. â€Å"Echo employees always leave early on shower days, and the food is on the house. No need to make up the time. † 7. Reward effort as well as success. Even if their ideas sometimes fail, you want employees to keep producing them, said Alan Weiss, president of the Summit Consulting Group Inc. â€Å"When I consulted with the CEO of Calgon, we created an annual award for ‘the best idea that didn't work' and presented a loving cup at the annual awards dinner. This stimulated innovation and positive behavior, not ‘winning. ‘† 8. Give them a free pass. Levine suggests giving out a certain number of free days off to employees to use as they see fit. Employees get a few of these a year and can use them as they like,† she said. â€Å"They don't have to pretend to be sick. They can go to the beach, read a book, play with their kids †¦ it doesn't matter. † 9. Dole out cream and sugar. During the busiest times of the year, executives at the Cigna Group push coffee carts around the office, serving drinks and refreshments to their colleagues, noted Steve Harrison, author of â€Å"The Manager's Book of Decencies: How Small Gestures Build Great Companies. † As they serve, executives coach and encourage colleagues and hear about real consumer issues. 10. Blow out the candles. Cisco Systems Inc. ‘s CEO John Chambers hosts a monthly hour-long birthday breakfast for any employee with a birthday that month, says Harrison. â€Å"Employees are invited to ask him anything. They feel recognized, and he gains loyal employees who share their ideas. † 11. Spread the love. Ask co-workers to write something they truly like or admire about an employee on a scrap of paper, then frame them along with a photograph of the employee, suggested David Russell, author of â€Å"Success With People – A Complete System for Effectively Managing People in Any Organization. † 12. Offer a swap. Giving your best employees a chance to pick their own projects or trade tasks with a colleague empowers and rewards them at the same time, said Harrison. 13. Applaud their efforts — literally. If someone has done something really worthwhile, your entire staff must give them a standing ovation at the next meeting. 14. Say it with flowers. Reward the top employees by bringing in flowers and arranging them in a spectacular crystal vase on their desks. â€Å"Everybody knew what having the custody of the flowers meant,† â€Å"Surprisingly, even the men competed fiercely for custody of the flowers. 15. Walk it as you talk it. The City of Dallas sponsored a walkathon where employees set goals for walking a certain number of steps each day, offering a free gym membership to those who walked the farthest. Not only did they get more fit, they turned their daily walks into traveling staff meetings. â€Å"Group members must be able to update one another on projects, solicit team input and improve their fitness,† 16. Pass the bucks. Handing out monopoly money that can be redeemed for gifts and other goodies may not be strictly free, but it pays off handsomely in the long run. For example, associates at Bank Atlantic can pass out â€Å"WOW! Bucks† to colleagues who've done something outstanding, said bank vice president Gregory Dalmotte. The bucks can eventually be traded in for real goods. â€Å"There's a clear correlation that words of encouragement have created associates who perform at a higher level,† he says. 17. Share the memories. â€Å"My team created a scrapbook chronicling the impact I'd had on their company and gave it to me on my last day in the office,† said Lopeke. â€Å"People who’d worked on my teams wrote testimonials and creative graphics highlighting some our team successes. It's the best gift I ever received in my 40-year career. † 18. Elect them to the Wall of Fame. Several experts suggested setting aside a public space inside your firm and placing photos of employees who've accomplished something truly special, along with the details of what they did to earn their place on the wall. 19. Create your own â€Å"Club Med. † Set aside a quiet space or unused office in your building where employees can meditate, chill out, nap or otherwise re-center themselves, said John Putzier, author of â€Å"Get Weird! 101 Innovative Ways to Make Your Company a Great Place to Work. † 20. Stoke their passion. â€Å"Great employees are not mercenaries,† said Dr. Richard Chang, CEO of Richard Chang Associates Inc. , a performance-improvement consultancy. â€Å"They don’t just want to enjoy their work, they want to be passionate about it †¦ if you want your employees to feel valued and inspire their passion on your behalf, encourage them to make their own decisions. You can have systems in place to control the implementation of ideas, but you must be certain not to compromise the enthusiasm, creativity and hard work that make them possible in the first place. † 21. Give them a place to park it. Reserve the best parking spot for employees who've done something truly worthwhile, said Lopeke. And if it's next to the CEO's Lexus so the employee can chat him or her up on the way into work, so much the better. 22. Remember the spouses. Independent management consultant Nan Amish recalled one time when she had 16 employees trapped in a hotel lobby on a Sunday night, waiting for the ballroom to open so they could set up a trade-show booth. â€Å"I bought flowers at a farmers market, a nice $6 bouquet of roses for each person,† she said. â€Å"I told them to take them home to their significant others, apologizing for me taking them away from their families on a Sunday. The next day I got thank-yous from most of them. One wife sent a letter saying I could keep her husband until Friday. † 23. Publicize their successes. â€Å"We like to publicly recognize employees so the whole company can share in their accomplishments,† noted Scott Ragusa, president of contract businesses for staffing firm The Winter, Wyman Companies. â€Å"Each week, nominations for our quarterly ‘Clutch' award are shared with the whole company. The Clutch nominations are a way to recognize our administrative and nonmanagerial professional staff members who have come through in the clutch in supporting their departments or the firm. 24. Let them phone it in. Telecommuting programs can relieve stress and make workers feel more appreciated, as well as more productive. â€Å"Reward the employee by starting with one day of telecommuting, then add additional days as performance heightens,† suggested Brian Margarita, president of IT staffing firm TalentFuse Inc. â€Å"Having the option to cart the kids to so ccer practice, visit the beach during the afternoon or cut out early to avoid traffic congestion is becoming more important than working an 80-hour week for a larger paycheck. † 25. Remember the secret words. The two most underused words in corporate America that get the highest ROI (return on investment) and ROT (return on your time) are the simple words ‘thank you,'† noted Michael Guld, president of the Guld Resource Group author of â€Å"The Million Dollar Media Rep: How to Become a Television and Radio Sales Superstar. † While telling the employees , appreciation should be obvious, no one does it enough or is specific enough about what the employee did. â€Å"So when you share your appreciation, be specific about what you really liked, so they not only feel appreciated but can do it again. The Do's and Don'ts of Effective Reward Programs Effective Reward Systems. Reward systems should focus on positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the most e ffective tool for encouraging desired behavior because it stimulates people to take actions because they want to because they get something of value (internally or externally) for doing it. An effectively designed and managed reward program can drive an organization's change process by positively reinforcing desired behaviors. There is a criterion for building effective reward systems that is the SMART criteria. These criteria should be used when designing and evaluating programs. Programs should be: Specific: A line of sight should be maintained between rewards and actions. Meaningful: The achievements rewarded should provide an important return on investment to both the performer and the organization. Achievable: The employee's or group's goals should be within the reach of the performers. Reliable: The program should operate according to its principles and purpose. Timely: The recognition/rewards should be provided frequently enough to make performers feel valued for their efforts. Case Study Employee Incentive Safety Program: â€Å"Rim Safe Colleagues at Work† Rim Hospitality is a hotel, resort and boutique property management company offering full-service property management solutions including Rim Office2 hotel property revenue management software, fully integrated real-time payroll, hotel revenue data collection & reporting, and employee staffing and training programs. With rising workers compensation expenses, Rim Hospitality needed to find a cost effective solution that would motivate employees to help reduce these costs, and also maximize efficiencies with employee productivity and scheduling. A comprehensive plan outlining all of the program objectives, requirements, communications, training, projected costs and benefits were developed. A safety team leader was appointed at each property to facilitate the program, maintain frequent communication about the program, and reinforce the messages coming from upper management. Consistent communication from the home office, to team leaders, to colleagues is an important reminder to drive this new behavior. They decided to implement a prepaid MasterCard card as the award. This provided the employee the freedom to choose what they want, when they want it, making them feel truly rewarded. The list of recipients is communicated to Springbok Services each quarter that provides the personalized MasterCard cards with a safety logo and bulk ships them to Rim Hospitality. Awards are handed out at each hotel property to provide a personal touch and give upper management the opportunity to again, reinforce the positive behavior they are looking for and share the results of the program amongst all the hotels in a motivating way. Rim Hospitality experienced positive results almost immediately which have steadily increased. Over two years, they reduced workers compensation claims by 29%. This meant a savings of $634,000 and a 3. 4 to 1 ROI to the bottom line. Peer-to-peer Employee Recognition Program: â€Å"Informal Awards Program† Applied Materials is the global leader in nano manufacturing technology solutions for the electronics industry with a broad portfolio of innovative equipment, services and software products. Applied Materials innovates and commercializes the processing and manufacturing technology that helps semiconductor manufacturers produce the world's most advanced chips. Applied Materials had implemented a peer-to-peer employee recognition program that was being manually tracked and awards were being fulfilled out of their company store. Managing the program was utilizing resources that could be focused on other productive projects. They needed to find a solution that would automate the program and award fulfillment. Applied Materials chose the Reward Incentive Management System (RIMS) from Springbok Services to fulfill this need. RIMS is a web based application that was easy to integrate with The Applied Materials reward and recognition program. RIMS fully automated the process of setting up and tacking budgets, nominating and approving awards, collecting recipient information and streamlining the award fulfillment process through its integration into Springbok’s MasterCard card management system. The goal of the program is to encourage outstanding performance and consistent behavior for employees and temporary or contract personnel to support corporate goals and values related to the following categories: Safety First: Individual award to promote positive safety-related behaviors and/or results that go beyond the normal job scope. Quality Counts: Individual award to promote positive quality-related behaviors and/or results that go beyond the normal job scope. Achieving Excellence: Individual award to promote outstanding behaviors and/or results toward corporate goals and objectives. TEAM Award Together Everyone Achieves More: Award to promote outstanding behaviors and/or results demonstrated or obtained by a team of 10 or less. Employees can nominate each other for awards, email notifications are sent to managers for approval, and once approved, the MasterCard prepaid card is mailed to the recipient. Fulfillment of awards through their company store has been eliminated and the whole award nomination and approval process has been automated and streamlined increasing both employee productivity and satisfaction. Health & Wellness Initiative: â€Å"Healthy Living† The Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) is the world's largest manufacturer, seller and distributor of Pepsi-Cola beverages — some of the world's most recognized consumer brands. The PBG sales force of more than 30,000 customer representatives sell and deliver nearly 200 million eight-ounce servings of Pepsi-Cola beverages per day. PBG's focus is on superior sales execution, customer service, merchandising and operating excellence. In 2005, PBG was working to better manage the rising cost of health care for its employees. They decided they could do that by educating their employees on various health related issues. To narrow the scope of broad number of health related topics, PBG implemented an employee survey to get feedback on the interest of their employees. Beginning in January 2006, employees were provided the opportunity to complete a healthcare survey and receive a prepaid MasterCard card as an incentive. In addition to the employee receiving the incentive, participating spouses in the healthcare benefits program could qualify as well. Qualifying employees were collected on a weekly basis by a third party healthcare management company and the data file was submitted to Springbok. The prepaid Master Cards were made and mailed directly to the employees who completed the survey. The participation rate from employees in the survey was over double the rate PBG has projected going into the program. Following the survey period, results were analyzed and employees were offered a variety of healthcare educational classes to attend. When the class was completed, the employee received an additional prepaid MasterCard as a reward for completing the class. The educational program is on-going at this time. PBG rolled the program out with a multi-media communications campaign, from emails and newsletters, to direct mail pieces mailed to employee’s homes. A custom branded PBG Healthy Living prepaid MasterCard card was used along with a custom card carrier and envelope. This branding helped tie the incentive back to the program continuing to remind and motivate employees to further participate. They attribute the success of the program to the amount and consistency of communication and the attractiveness and flexibility of the incentive, Springbok’s prepaid MasterCard card. Employee Service Awards Program: â€Å"Iowa Telecom’s Personal Touch† Iowa Telecom is the second largest local telephone company in Iowa. They work hard to provide their customers with reliable dial tone, long distance and Internet services every second of every day. They provide telephone service to over 440 communities across the state. Their 600+ trained professionals are working across the state to provide reliable service with a personal touch. That personal touch is not only conveyed to their customers, but to their employees as well. With the large number of employees and diverse interests they have, Iowa Telecom was faced with trying to consolidate their service anniversary awards program, to a streamlined, single awards program. After considering a variety of different awards, Iowa Telecom decided to utilize Springbok’s prepaid Service Awards MasterCard. Since the fall of 2002, Iowa Telecom has been awarding their employees for length of service, celebrating the employees’ anniversary during the month it occurs. Each calendar year, an employee file is sent to Springbok to manage the program and order the prepaid MasterCard. Orders are placed for people whose anniversaries are in the following month. That schedule, gives Iowa Telecom plenty of lead time to verify the employee’s status and provide payment for the order. Orders are fulfilled and the prepaid MasterCard cards are bulk shipped to Iowa Telecom’s human resource department. They utilize the â€Å"service awards† branded card to reinforce what the incentive is for and the card is personalized with the employees name for that special recognition. To show appreciation to these loyal employees, Iowa Telecom President, Alan L. Wells, includes a letter of appreciation acknowledging the employees loyalty for service. This personal touch is consistent with the pleasant work environment and efforts to recognize and reward employees for their achievements. The program has been running over 4 years and employee feedback has been positive with regard to receiving the prepaid MasterCard card as it provides them the flexibility to choose their own reward by purchasing what they want, from millions of places, wherever MasterCard debit cards are accepted. Employee Sales Incentive Program: â€Å"Balkamp – NAPA Auto Parts† NAPA purchases auto parts from various manufacturers and redistributes them to NAPA warehouses. The role of Balkamp is to take the NAPA Auto Parts Store into new markets and to provide the necessary support to enable the store to gain market share. Balkamp adds value to NAPA stores through packaging, order quantities, catalogs, sales, pricing, service, promotions, warranty, obsolescence, innovation, and a product mix that includes hard parts, tools and equipment, accessories, service items, performance and SUV accessories, and chemicals. Coordinating with so many different parts manufacturers and their individual incentive programs, Balkamp was challenged with finding a way to increase sales by their district reps to their franchises and streamline the payments to the sales team upon achieving their goals. Balkamp also needed the flexibility of managing multiple incentive programs at the same time for multiple manufacturers. Grouping the awards into one payment vehicle simplified the process for Balk amp and the recipient. Balkamp selected a re-loadable prepaid MasterCard debit card that can be used anywhere MasterCard debit cards are accepted. The Balkamp incentive award program started in 2005 to help increase sales company wide through their distribution channels to their franchises. With 100+ district sales representatives, Balkamp can implement incentive programs relatively easily, communicate the goals, track the sales and award the sales person very quickly. Requirements are built for sales people to achieve certain criteria. For various products at different times, the sales people are tasked with selling truck loads of product through their distribution centers to any of their stores nationally. Upon reaching certain thresholds, the award amounts are loaded onto their prepaid MasterCard card from Springbok Services which they retain and can be re-loaded each time a new incentive threshold is achieved. Into the second year of the program, Balkamp is continuing with this incentive program as it has made a positive impact in increased sales, and decreased costs associated with administering their sales incentive program.