Impact of Economic Globalization on Asia-Free Samples for Student

Question: What Is the Impact of Economic Globalization on Asia? Answer: Presentation An all encompassing meaning of globalization would allude to the procedure wherein individuals from all pieces of the world communicate. This cooperation is encouraged by the simple trade of administrations and products because of low expenses of correspondence and quicker methods of transport that are additionally savvy. As detailed by (Blofield, 2014), the improvement of new advancements has prompted quicker paces of development by individuals and correspondence arranges that have capacity to cover territories past a countrys fringes. This has come about to sharing of thoughts among various nations on the planet. Globalization can be obtained through various ways like; hyperglobalizers, denationalization and transformationalist. As indicated by Kamat (2011), globalization is clarified as the passage into another age throughout the entire existence of humankind which is for the most part through denationalization. (Beeson, 2014) stated that the hyperglobalists base their contention on the human progress of humankind while denationalist center more around the economy of the world. A contention from a doubters perspective recommends that globalization doesn't bring together the nations on the planet rather it has prompted improvement of exchanging alliances which has partitioned the world into various locales as indicated by Hu-Dehart (2003). The exchanging coalitions have hampered exchange and other monetary exercises among individuals on the planet since such exercises are kept up inside the alliances. The viewpoint of globalization by transformationalists is that nations everywhere throughout the world should grasp the progressions happening in the creating scene. The job of trasformationalist in the idea of globalization is to connect hyperglobalizers and denationalists. Nonetheless, the transformationalists are not halfway in their contention since they don't concur with both of the two gatherings rather they give their own comprehension of globalization. As per (Beneria, 2015) they see globalization as progressive changes that are verifiable yet which kee p opposing the genuine significance of the worldwide town wonder. Following emergencies in Asia coming about because of globalization, there are a few qualities of this idea that were built up as announced by (Cavusgil, 2014) First is the ward financial connections among nations has been achieved by shared innovations and correspondence that is progressively powerful. Besides is the development of gatherings that have kept on presenting challenge to the legislatures. These gatherings may be non-administrative or even metro. The third trademark is disintegration of indigenous societies western impact. This has made numerous nations to lose their unique personality and social legacy. There has additionally been ascent of difficulties that are shared among circumscribing nations and answers for such difficulties must be accomplished after a mediation by all the nations influenced. As per (Fujita, 2013), globalization has prompted guideline of the administration of various nations through norms that are set to control the manner by which overseeing is finished. These regular principles may detriment a few countries ( Manu, 2013). Globalization can cover various trains to be specific; financial globalization, political globalization and social globalization. For this situation we will talk about the effect of monetary globalization in Asia and the world on the loose. Effect of financial globalization (Asia) There are a few dangers that have been built up by the Asian governments concerning the effect of financial globalization. One of these dangers is utilization of vitality by Asian nations. The pace of vitality utilization has expanded because of quick turn of events and this has prompted overdependence on vitality imported from different nations. There has been a contamination/corruption on the earth because of the a lot of vitality utilized in the Asian countries.(Obrien, 2016) revealed that another danger is in the accessibility of water and furthermore food which has been to a great extent influenced by the debasement of the earth and furthermore populace pressure. The high populace has an appeal for water and food. Endeavors made to tackle this issue for example the regular agribusiness have borne no organic products since the populace has kept on developing there for keeping up the shortage of these assets. As announced by (Micic, 2009), Asian nations are additionally looked by dangers from fear based oppression which is ascribed to headways in the vehicle and correspondence systems. Different dangers brought by proficient vehicle and correspondence systems might be; unlawful offer of weapons and furthermore sedates. There is likewise a danger in the high number of outsiders into Asian nations considering the weight that as of now exists in the populace. For a long time, globalization has assumed a key job in the monetary status, the arrangements made by states and other creation exercises in Asian nations. As indicated by (Harvie, 2016) the impacts of globalization are obvious in nations that are new in industrialization because of utilization of second level state models of advancement. There were emergency in the economy of Asia in 1997 and this made a requirement for an examination on the state models of improvement. In this examination, the negative marks of globalization on the state models were built up and furthermore the future difficulties that may emerge from globalization to influence Asian nations. Globalization sway on Asian nations has contrarily influenced solidarity among the countries. The security of Asian countries has been influenced by globalization. These impacts of globalization on the security status are both positive and negative. A few pieces of Asia particularly the southern part has advantage from globalization since a decrease in struggle cases. A positive effect of financial globalization is prove by the strengthening of administrations of Asian nations. This has prompted power in these nations since worldwide issues don't meddle with the political steadiness of the nations. (Murram, 2014) revealed that a portion of the nations like Indonesia have confronted the negative effect of globalization on their legislature. Globalization has meddled with their economy as well as with their political status. This obstruction has come about to development of various classifications of political gatherings. As per (Henderson, 2002) a portion of the gatherings have profited by the thought yet others have kept on enduring the outcomes. These political divisions have isolated the individuals as per their ethnicity. The gathering that endures the results is the one that includes for the most part of Chinese. Globalization advocates for a tyrant/oppressive sort of administration. Moreover, the countries that have embraced the equitable arrangement of government stand a superior situation than nations with domineering arrangement of administration since they have gotten away from emergency identified with their funds. (Lambin 2011) affirmed that the creation level ought not be estimated utilizing the estimation of GDP just; rather specialization of items ought to be placed into thought. This specialization of items gives exact date on the pace of advancement of worldwide economy. The particular items ought to explicitly intra-items. Regionalism has prompted financial advancements particularly in nations that are in the south of Asia for instance Cambodia. Financial globalization has an effect of streams of account and capital in Asia. Tax assessment is additionally an effect of monetary globalization and furthermore exchange. Exchange has emerged because of the circulation of common assets that isn't even. Through exchange, provinces can get administrations and products that they don't deliver. The endeavors being made by Asian nations to take care of globalization-related issues have inferred a danger on United States of America. As indicated by (Hirst, 2015) these arrangements will change the relations between the US and Asian nations. The critical thinking procedure will possibly happen if the Americans acknowledge the way that they have disintegrated the way of life and furthermore the solidarity among Asian nations. Anyway the Asians must be insistent and quit tormenting the western nation since the effects of globalization cut over all landmasses. This is the main way that the Asians and furthermore the whole world are going to discover answers for different issues brought by globalization. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Impacts of financial globalization As talked about before, there are a few effects on Asia achieved by financial globalization and they incorporate; progressions in innovation, political impact, stream of money and capital, tax assessment, rise of provincial associations. The headways made to improve innovation have benefits and furthermore hindrances. Current innovation has made simpler techniques for completing undertakings for example the students can accumulate any data they need on the planet without venturing out to different nations (Stubbs, 2009). This data can be gotten to utilizing a PC that is associated with web. The web contains numerous books in all controls learnt in schools and colleges. Businesses and proprietors of firms would now be able to set aside cash spent on human work since with progression in innovation has realized robotization and motorization of work. There is accordingly no compelling reason to enlist workers. As revealed by (Beneria 2015), current innovation has advanced different disclosures particularly in the clinical field because of successful PCs and clinical gadgets that have been created. Businesses that apply trend setting innovation in their creation procedure accomplish higher outcomes since machines can deliver at a higher rate than human. The exactness in innovation driven creation is higher than where human work is included. This is on the grounds that machines have attributes that ordinary human needs for example, machines can work constantly without weariness. In the cutting edge society, individuals are turning out to be more depen

Gender Roles in Harry Potter

Young ladies in youthful grown-up dream books will in general toll rather ineffectively, particularly in the light of Susan from the Chronicles of Narnia. When Aslan admits the Pevensies into heaven, Susan is banned on the grounds that she has overlooked Narnia and is increasingly keen on stockings and the genuine grown-up world, since she has challenged to need to grow up. Jill Pole remarks: aâ‚ ¬? She’s keen on nothing these days aside from nylons and lipstick and invitationsaâ‚ ¬? 1. C. S. Lewis presents a traditionalist perspective on young ladies in the dream classification, that they will be brought into their own immature dreams and will relinquish the auxiliary world.Philip Pullman intensifies this with his treatment of Lyra in the His Dark Materials set of three where she is the hero in the principal novel however surrenders dynamic and capacity to Will through the staying story. Hermione Granger begins testing this traditionalist view at the end of the day she is transformed into a mother and sidelined from the universe of activity. Her job changes through the novel and this isn't expected simply to the development of the character as she ages yet additionally the necessities of the male overwhelmed bunches around her, from the school bunch with Harry and Ron to the Order of the Phoenix.A brisk look offers the view that somewhere in the range of 11 and 15 she is increasingly insubordinate while between the ages of 16 and 17 she takes on a genuine job before her last debut as a mother. In the Harry Potter novels Hermione is differently a learned person who supports and aides Harry through her exploration and work. She is the predominant power in Harryaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accomplishment until the 6th novel, Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, where her job as Harryaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s teacher is taken by Dumbledore. Eliza Dresang sees Hermione as being undeniably more fruitful than she is described as by Farah Mendlesohn .Hermione gains organization and can assume greater responsibility for her circumstance than Mendlesohn gives her kudos for through her own activities, discovering aâ‚ ¬? proof in the content to be extensively more hopeful about Hermione’s self-assurance than does Mendlesohnaâ‚ ¬? 2â through her assurance about being arranged by the Hat and aâ‚ ¬? won't be hindered from her motivations, regardless of whether it be getting the hang of, reproving about principles or †¦ supporting the underdogaâ‚ ¬? 3. Mendlesohn remarks that aâ‚ ¬? Hermione is acknowledged in the social structure of the school simply because she is Harry’s friendaâ‚ ¬?  and that aâ‚ ¬? [r]adicalism, as encapsulated by Hermione, is unreasonable, oblivious, and basically transientaâ‚ ¬? 5. In spite of the fact that her endeavors at liberating the house-mythical beings are damned, she is increasingly fruitful at arousing her friends and empowering Harry’s accomplis hment through her commitments. There is another issue to consider however and that is one of class. The initial five Harry Potter books are unmistakably school stories. Themes, for example, the yearly appearance by means of the steam train and the term times with the upheld remain over Christmas, originate from this genre.Instead of just contending in sports for respect, for example, Quidditch, house focuses are granted or removed for conduct or demonstrations of fortitude. In the last two books, the structure of the books change to being an increasingly regular dream arrangement wherein Harry must defeat Voldemort in a last clash. This change to the phenomenal, specifically a male commanded awesome world, implies that Hermione must change jobs to stay on the planet since we once in a while observe any solitary witches who have not gone to Voldemort, for example, Bellatrix Lestrange. This difference in type changes the desires put on the characters by perusers and the jobs which t hey play.School stories, in the form of Enid Blyton’s Malory Towers or St Clare’s,â offerâ the peruser a story of a gathering of kids who go on undertakings constrained in scale by area, a disconnected school, and time, terms end and the year is punctuated by occasions. They offer a degree ofâ carnivalesqueâ expressed in the tricks of the understudies which are subdued by the instructors yet additionally a proceeding with talk of development and cultural assimilation to the more extensive grown-up world which must be entered. Guardians exist at the edge of the story, alluded to in letters or carrying their youngsters to school.Once the anarchic opportunity at school reaches a conclusion, the guardians speak to the jobs that the kids will receive. The phenomenal world that Rowling develops is one which starts as possibly rebellious with Hermione testing apparent wrongs and increasing an all the more impressive office on the planet through her insight. As she d evelops, the world is completely reached out past Hogwarts and turns out to be profoundly moderate and male overwhelmed and Hermione needs to re-learn her social remaining on the edge of the gathering, her empowering organization now of no immediate use to Harry.Hermione develops in the arrangement transforming from the bashful, adademic untouchable to being, as a result, an older sibling character to Harry and Ron yet at the expense of her own office and abilities. As she develops into this job, she changes from being a curious individual, pushing her own limits of information and even her rational soundness, to being marginally more settled however unmistakably not of equivalent remaining with Ron and Harry who are permitted to bring dynamic jobs into world. When we initially meet Hermione on the train going to Hogwarts, Rowling presents her an unkempt, investigating kid unafraid to make new companions or to go up and visit the train driver.She is depicted as having aâ‚ ¬? a bossy voice, loads of thick earthy colored hair and rather enormous front teethaâ‚ ¬? (Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, p 79) and as of now wearing the school hues. She intrudes on Ron and Harry who are tucking into a carriage route dining experience of desserts. Inquisitive, she provokes Ron to show him the enchantment stunt which he is endeavoring. As the train moves toward the station, she urges the two young men to wear their robes and questions whether they have been battling as of now. Her drive towards flawlessness is appeared in her all encompassing information on the school drawn from perusing the history.Already knowing the purpose behind the captivated roof, she achieves a situation in the recently shaped social triumvirate as the information store. Hermione returns from the school occasions a day ahead of schedule while the companions are attempting to discover who Nicholas Flamel is and is aâ‚ ¬? torn between the awfulness at Harry being out of bed†¦ and disillusionment that he hadn’t in any event discovered who Nicholas Flamel wasaâ‚ ¬? (Philosopher’s Stone,â p158). Her interest and great conduct are at chances since she knows that the appropriate response may well lie in the illegal segment of the library however that entryâ transgressesâ the school rules.Although it is Harry who finds Flamel unintentionally on the rear of the collector’s card he jumped on the train, it is Hermione who joins him to the Philosopher’s Stone through a book she got aâ‚ ¬? out of the library weeks prior for somewhat light perusing aâ‚ ¬? (Philosopher’s Stone, p. 161). Ron’s just remark, aâ‚ ¬? Light? aâ‚ ¬? (Philosopher’s Stone, p. 161), a recommendation that information isn't exceptionally prized in Hogwarts as contradicted to Quidditch. It was Hermione who seen that Fluffy was remaining on the trapdoor (Philosopher’s Stone, p120), a reality that both Ron and H arry missed. However her accomplishments come at a social price.Hermione’s adherence to the school rules is indicated inPhilosopher’s Stoneâ after the finding of the trapdoor around evening time. When Harry gets another brush after the obliteration of his old one, her remarks aâ‚ ¬? So I guess you think that’s a compensation for defying guidelines? aâ‚ ¬? (Philosopher’s Stoneâ p. 123). Her frankness about the 12 PM occurrence is tempered by the contention with Ron and Harry. She is obviously angry with their response which is aggravated by Ron’s thoughtless remark about her not having any companions. Surging past Harry, he sees that she is crying (Philosopher’s Stoneâ p. 127).When the troll is declared, the two young men understand that it has gone to the girls’ toilets where Hermione is caught. At the point when Professor McGonagall enters, Hermione misleads ensure them all and cases that she needed to handle the troll herse lf. Despite the fact that this implies aâ‚ ¬? from that second on, Hermione Granger turned into their friendaâ‚ ¬? (Philosopher’s Stone, p. 132), she can just do as such by misleading an instructor thus topples her past inflexible adherence to rules. She needs to embrace the young men own reality see. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Hermione offers to make the Polyjuice Potion to perceive what Malfoy thinks about the chamber’s opening.She tricks Lockhart into marking a slip for ‘Most Potente Potions’ to trick the Librarian (Chamber of Secrets, p. 124). When Ron says that they should take from Professor Snape’s private stores, she counters: aâ‚ ¬? Indeed, on the off chance that both of you are going to chicken out, fine†¦Ã‚ I don’t need to disrupt the norms you know. aâ‚ ¬? (Office of Secrets, p. 125). Hermione knows that they have just gotten an authorization slip that Lockhart has marked without ackno wledging what it is (utilizing his own egotism), that the formula depends upon illegal products and that the young men can't find Malfoy’s saw job without trickery.Despite her protestations about the guidelines, she knows that these should be broken to be fruitful. When they come to making the elixir, the gathering need portions of their casualties and Hermione is excessively rushed in taking some hair from Millicent Bulstrode in Wrestling and inadvertently transforms herself into a feline a lot to Myrtle’s enchant, aâ‚ ¬? Hold up till everybody discovers you’ve got aâ tailaâ‚ ¬? (Office of Secrets, p. 169). While Ron and Harry have utilized her Slee

Waitlist Wrap-Up 2008

Waitlist Wrap-Up 2008 This afternoon, we notified the 64 students remaining on the waitlist that we do not have any more room in the class, and will not admit any additional students from the waitlist this year. The decision not to admit any more from the waitlist was especially difficult, as there were many really great students on the waitlist who we wished we had room for. We appreciate your having been able to wait with us into the early summer. This was an extraordinary year across the admissions landscape, with some of our peer institutions needing to admit greater than 200 students from their waitlists. Large waitlist movement at a few schools has ripple effects, requiring longer waitlists at many colleges this year. Were glad that things have now settled down enough that we can conclude our admissions for this year and let the remaining waitlist students focus on their schools for the fall. To those of you who stuck with us on the waitlist, thank you, and we wish you all the best at your college in the fall we know you will have a terrific and successful experience. Best wishes, MIT Admissions Waitlist Committee

The Transatlantic Slave Trade And Africa - 801 Words

In the last two decades, scholars have analyzed and debated the transatlantic slave trade and this eventually transformed the field of Atlantic history. John Thornton’s Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680 changed the way scholars view the role of Africans because of its revisionist perspective and ground breaking interpretations of the slave trade. This book clearly changed the way the scholars analyzed the role of Africans in the British and Spanish Empires because it challenged traditional notions about the institution. Thornton argues that African merchants and rulers willing participated in the slave trade; thus, the unwilling victims of slavery were active in their own subjugation. While the author clearly articulates his thesis in a cohesive manner, he overlooks and simplifies information that would support/improve his argument. The author divides the text into main sections to provide a clear distinction between events in Africa and the c ultural transformations in the New World. In the first section, Thornton examines the interactions between Africans and the Portuguese, Spanish and British on the African mainland. According the author, the development of commerce, the origins of navigation, and economic goals differed between the two groups, which affected social and cultural relations. For instance, Thornton comments that an older â€Å"romantic school of historians maintained that Europeans undertook this exploration for the pure joy ofShow MoreRelatedAfrica Before the Transatlantic Slave Trade Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAfrica before the Transatlantic Slave Trade Racist views of Africa In the last 50 years much has been done to combat the entirely false and negative views about the history of Africa and Africans, which were developed in Europe in order to justify the Transatlantic Slave Trade and European colonial rule in Africa that followed it. In the eighteenth century such racist views were summed up by the words of the Scottish philosopher David Hume, who said, ‘I am apt to suspect the Negroes toRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade Between West Africa And North America Essay1895 Words   |  8 Pagesto American culture in agriculture, cuisine, food culture and language. As for Cultural integration, such actions occurred during the transatlantic slave trade between West Africans and Central Africans and the European Americans was a forced interaction that cannot be reversed. The transatlantic slave trade in 1889, established a permanent link between Africa and North America as Africans sold into slavery transplanted their cultures to the New World. Many assume that because Africans integratedRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade Made Africa A Major Market For European Goods843 Words   |  4 Pages all with a purpose of securing a profit (Foner, GML, 131). Slave plantations greatly contributed to massive economic development. The first mass consumer goods in international trade were produced by slaves, such as sugar, tobacco, rice and coffee (Foner, GML,132). The high and constant demand for these products quickly fueled the rapid growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade (Foner, GML, 132). The transatlantic slave trade made Africa a major market for European goods. Cheap imported textiles Read MoreThe Demise Of African Prosperity1168 Words   |  5 PagesProsperity: Effects of the Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade, a catastrophic event in the 15th to 19th century, affected millions of Africans and Europeans alike. Slaves were ripped from their homes and sent to the foreign lands, becoming the fundamental source of labour for mining and agricultural industries in the New World. Historians Hugh Thomas, Walter Rodney and John Thornton have contradictory beliefs about the effects of the Transatlantic slave trade on Africa. Thomas argues thatRead MoreEquiano s First Hand Experience Of Being Kidnapped1518 Words   |  7 Pagesas a child in Africa, is a poignant accounting of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. 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Thus the movement of overRead MoreTransatlantic Slave Trade and the Effects on the American Economy1627 Words   |  7 PagesTransatlantic Slave Trade and the effects on the american economy Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade is a â€Å"wrenching aspect of the history of Africa and America† (Colin Palmer). The transatlantic slave trade transported African people to the â€Å"New World†. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. Slavery has had a big impact on African culture. The Africans were forced to migrate away from everything they knew, culture, heritage and lifestyles (Captive Passage). CoupledRead MoreSlavery Through The Ages Of Humans812 Words   |  4 Pagescivilizations, Mesopotamia (Mark). In Hammurabi’s Code many of the laws had protocol that dealt with slaves and slave owners, showing that slavery was present in the civilization. Slavery has affected many civilizations other than Mesopotamia. Slavery in the Middle East and Africa is broadly portrayed in the media today. The use and capture of Muslim/African slaves began in 1453 ( Digital History). Africa and the Middle East were very rich in natural resources and items that gained the attention of EuropeansRead MoreThe Transatlantic Slave Trade During The 19th Century1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Transatlantic Slave Trade took place through the fifth teen century to the nineteen century in the Atlantic Ocean between American, Europe and Africa. The Trade blossomed dur due to the expansion of sugar production increasing the labor supplied need , which caused a the higher demand for slaves. The expansion of sugar created organized business of seizing and selling slaves. But the transatlantic slave trade did not begin the capturing of Africans, European were capturing slave long beforeRead MoreThe Western World914 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history, Africa has been a vulnerable player in the eyes of the rest of the world. From the slave trade to various civil right injustices that have taken place over in every century, we have studied in this class, we have been able to see the lasting impact on the continent as a ramification of certain events occurring. Using sources from the text, I will attempt to prove how the western world, exercised their power to capitalize on the African continent, in addition to the exploitation

The Transitional Period Between Childhood And Adulthood

What is Adolescence? It is the period of life from puberty to maturity terminating legally at the age majority (Merriam-Webster, 2013). In addition to, it is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood. This is an individual’s most difficult time because they are no longer needed to be taken care of like they were in their early childhood. Huge responsibilities and real life situations have suddenly caught up to them. Their parents are slowly letting them grow up and handle conflicts on their own. Unfortunately, this all leads to adolescents’ most frustrations to grow because of the amount of independence they have. In addition to, the desire and pressure of acceptance by their peers are stronger than ever. For these reasons and numerous others, suicide is the third leading cause of death during the adolescent years (Karaman, D., Durukan, I., 2013). This leads individuals to question why are adolescents at such a young age trying to attempt suicide and who should be blamed when a child has committed suicide? Fortunately, psychologists have found preventions and signs that can help adults to figure out if their child is at risk of attempting to suicide. Research indicates most teens who happen to be depressed reveal warning signs. Numerous studies have asserted that depression is clearly associated with suicide (Hamrin Pachler 2005). Depression warning signs may be constantly crying and experiencing sudden sadness. When someone is depressed, they usually tendShow MoreRelatedAdolescence : The Transitional Period Between Childhood And Adulthood1549 Words   |  7 Pagesare transforming from children to young adults. There are many levels of adolescence that can cause hardships for the adolescence. According to Zastrow and Ashman (2013), adolescence is â€Å"the transitional period between childhood and adulthood† It can begin as early as nine years old but usually occurs between the ages of eleven and twelve. When adolescence begins, changes happen mentally and physically. Mentally, children begin to establish and maintain satisfying relationships by learning to shareRead MoreDiscuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct and its validity for different cultures1117 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct and its validity for different cultures. Adolescence describes the transitional stage in a teenager’s life, from childhood to adulthood, where an individual evolves physically, psychologically, emotionally, cognitively and socially. It is a defined social category that is expressed through immaturity and unpredictability and allows an individual to learn and discover their sense of self and identity. 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Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative Free Essays

string(49) " drug trade without talking about Pablo Escobar\." The purpose of this paper will be to make a comparison between the Colombian drug cartels at the turn of the century with the mexican cartels today. The object of this comparison will be to determine the effectiveness of large scale millitary intervention against drug cartels. I will assess weather this comparison is not only justified but in any way usefull in understanding how fight a well funded well armed non-state enemy. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a response to public comments by high ranking United States officials making this comparison (most notably secretary of state Hillary Clinton) while pledging a significant amount of American resources to such an effort. I will also attempt to answer all of the various questions that are begged by this nature of action. Most people do not realize the sheer lucrativeness of the drug trafficking business especially on an industrial scale. â€Å"The (Mexican) cartels have built a network of dealers in 231 U. S. cities from coast to coast, taking in about $39 billion in sales annually, according to the U.  S. Justice Department. † (*1) To put that into perspective, In 2009 Canada’s total annual military expenditure was just over half (21 billion USD) of the total annual profit of the Mexican drug cartels in the United States. (*2) Comparing Columbia and Mexico The 1st thing that is obvious when making this comparison is the fact that Mexico is over twice the size of Columbia both in land mass and in population. In terms of governance Columbia was in a state of profound political instability from as early as the 1940’s while Mexico enjoyed a relatively stable PRI government following he Mexican civil war. Geographically the two countries have nothing in common but their proximity to each other. Mexico is a largely flat terrain that poses no real problems to transportation and offers little in the way of cover. By Contrast Columbia has a large mountainous area covered in tropical forests, the majority of the drug production takes place is these remote areas. From a governmental standpoint, the Colombian government is largely decentralized compared to the federal structure in Mexico. Due to the federal government and the larger tax base the Mexican government has some extra capacity when it comes to overall resources available before assistance. As far as the method in which the governments of these two countries approach dealing with traffickers is quite diffrent, Mexico has up until very recently preferred to use it’s police forces to deal with drug traffickers while Colombian governments have preferred to use their military as a police force, which is more common in most Latin American countries. The Mexican Cartels There are essentially two major Cartel groups within Mexico that fight each other for a large piece of the drug trade. The first is made up of the Tijuana cartel and the Gulf cartel make up the first major group and operates primarily out of North of East Mexico. A group known as â€Å"The Federation† is made up of of many smaller cartels and â€Å"is led by representatives of the Sinaloa, Juarez and Valencia cartels†. (*3 p. 4) members of this group as scattered all throughout the rest of Mexico. Even though these groups are concentrated in certain areas there isn’t a place in Mexico that is off limits to any of these groups. All of these groups operate independently and it is not uncommon for alliances to be fickle between drug traffickers. None of the Mexican drug trafficking organizations are known to have any political allegiances or stated long term goal other then to make money and control as much turf as possible in order to achieve that end while minimizing the damage to the people of their own groups. The Mexican cartels were not always as violent as they are today, the fall of the PRI along with a strengthening of the Mexican police force is said to have resulted in the upswing in violence. Another contributing factor the recent escalation in violence is that since the fall of Major Columbian cartels (replaced mostly by smaller scale operations) Mexico and it’s drug trade began to have to fill the void that was left in the US market for a period of time, greatly strengthening their financial base and ability to purchase weapons and to employ a larger number of foot soldiers from poor communities (usually with family ties to promote increased loyalty to said group and a deeper anchor within the local community). Florida was actually the main entry point for drugs during the early 80’s but the strengthening of the American navy and coastguard geared towards stopping smuggling led to Mexico becoming the transit point it is today. It is most important that though Mexican troops have been used largely due to the ineffective and corruption of the police department I would not classify it as a war. The army is simply there to do carry out the actions of a police force because he regular police for cannot be trusted. There is no way for either side to declare a complete victory. It is my opinion that even if every drug trafficker in Mexico dropped dead this morning there would be a new group forming to take it’s place by nightfall and it wouldn’t take them long to gain momentum capital and weapons. Likewise a drug gang can never truly triumph against the state without any political agenda. The majority of the murders are between rival gangs, though there have been many police officers and politicians killed the battle is essentially between the cartel groups and each other not with the state. The increased military strength is simply a self defence response. I would argue that if the Mexican cartels were 1 hegemonic group you would probably see at least a 10 fold drop in violent crime. Columbia at the hight of the culumbian drug trade You cant tell the story of the Columbia drug trade without talking about Pablo Escobar. You read "Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative" in category "Essay examples" In 1989 Forbes magazine estimated that was the 7th richest man the world with personal assets estimated at over 25 Billion dollars. This however is not what made him a unique, he was known as an extremely charitable man by many of the poor people in Columbia giving them land, housing, employment and even building football fields, building a lot of good will among the people something that you find little evidence of on the side of the Mexican cartels. The Medellin cartel he was a part of is thought to have controlled about 80% of the cocaine market in the early 1990’s and was the most prominent of the Colombian cartels at the turn of the century. This cartel was rivalled by the Cali cartel who emerged largely due to weakening of their rivals the Medellin cartel. The biggest difference between Columbia at the turn of the century and the situation in Mexico today is the existence of the various guerrilla groups that existed in Columbia, many of which are still in existence. The lines are often blurred between these guerrilla groups and the drug traffickers themselves. The standard arrangement between these guerrillas and drug traffickers was essentially protection of traffickers’ production and processing areas in exchange for a handsome percentage of the profits. The profitability on investment on cocaine grown in Columbia being about 200$ for every 1$ invested, there was more then enough capital to go around. The wars between these various guerrilla groups enveloped Columbia in a civil war since eginning in the 1960’s, this was far before Columbia drug trafficking organizations began to collaborate with the leftist guerrillas. By comparison Mexican cartels have no real political allegiances, their allegiance is to the dollar and the dollar alone. The fact that the terrain in Columbia is so difficult and access to remote areas is much more easy to control, these various groups are able to hold territory much more effectively then the Drug Cartels in Mexico. The aspect of some of these guerrilla groups that really begins to attract the United State’s attention for obvious reasons is their leftist/socialist ideology. The oldest and most notable of these groups is FARC or â€Å"The revolutionary armed forces of Columbia†. This group has been fighting the Colombian national army as well as â€Å"right wing paramilitaries†. At first glance the conflict between these two groups seems to be one for control over the Colombian drug trade and various areas of Columbia where drugs are produced. A closer look reveals a much more sinister reality. There are a number of noticeable irregularities in the accounts of the violence. Over the course of my reasearch I kept hearing certain terms to describe the columbian drug war that you dont hear when you read on the mexican drug war. Many mentions of human rights abuses as well as massacres with large numbers of innocent people being killed, you hear of much violence in mexico but are always termed â€Å"drug related murders† implying that those killed were afiliated in organized crime. When you take a closer look at the ‘right wing guerrillas’, first of all it’s just about imposible to find a video of any of their leaders with any kind of mission statement or anything of the sort, second you cannot find any documentation anywhere of any known ally. Now, you tell me how does a heavily armed paramilitary group, even with drug money, take part in over 30 years of civil war including alleged armed conflict against the US millitary, without any support from any government or even any other criminal organization? If everything where as it appears at 1st glance it results in a paradox, how does major international drug trafficking organization not even have ONE known ally/accomplice? It just doesn’t make any sense purely on a business level. If you look up any of the Mexican cartels as well as FARC you can find known allies. Additionally, why is there a right wing guerrilla group for decades with a right wing government in power? Finally, Why is one side of the guerrillas (FARC) involved in negotiations with the Colombian government and not the other? Even if they were to sign a peace treaty they would still be at war. The conclusion that asking these questions leads you to is that the Paramilitary groups were actually an unofficial extension of the Colombian armed forces that traces it’s roots back it’s formation during the cold war where they were trained by US army officers in ‘tactics of counterinsurgency’ at the School of the Americas, these tactics are said to specifically target the civilian population without the support of which the guerrillas cannot continue to function. This groups true purpose is to combat communist guerrillas by what ever means necessary. Statistics show that these right wing paramilitaries are responsible for 80’s of the ‘political killings’ in Colombia, which upon closer examination seem more like like acts of widespread political repression of the Colombian people spanning almost a half a century and crossing the line of human rights abuse with regularity virtually without any opposition from anyone internationally, opposed only domestically by FARC. Accounts from former Colombian army officers allege that the national Colombian armed forces maintained contact regularly with right wing paramilitary groups and directed them to many of the areas where they are accused of committing human rights atrocities. (*9) It has been alleged that the right wing paramilitaries acting in concert with the Colombian national army tried to remove the rural population from certain areas altogether forcing them to become urban refuges and further isolating the FARC forces. In 2005 Columbia had the 3rd largest internal refuge population in the world. Not only that but the paramilitaries are responsible for just as much if not more of the Colombian drug trade then FARC making ‘Plan Columbia’ truely appear to be a futile action according to it’s officially stated goals. Assessment of â€Å"Plan Columbia† 1998-2010 (lessons learned) Assessing the success of plan Columbia really depends on what you consider to be a success. If you consider the primary objective of the operation to be to simply return control of certain areas of Columbia back to the Colombian government then it would be considered a success. However, if the primary objective was to irradiate the drug trade recent statistics show that though production of cocaine in Columbia did take a severe hit in the early 2000’s it has been on the Rise again since 2006. What this confirms is that the drug trade there has not ceased but in fact evolved to meet the challenges of a changed environment. Drug trafficking organizations today are still operating but simply doing it in a more discrete manner their predecessors. Another example of the evolution that ‘Plan Columbia’ sparked is the guerrillas branching out to other sympathetic paramilitaries and paramilitary terrorist groups. Members of FARC have reportedly instituted the help of various allies IRA including the since the increased military pressure. An article in British newspaper The Telegraph (*8) highlights how the increased military presence in the countryside as well as an increase in the Colombian urban population has forced FARC forces to urbanize the way in which they conduct warfare. The article highlights significant advancements made by FARC in both explosives as well as counter intelligence and urban warfare. FARC is currently considered the most well armed well trained and well funded guerrilla group in the world. The destruction of crops which was on paper, the primary objective of ‘Plan Columbia’ is something that is very temporary, unless you were to actually salt the earth there is nothing to prevent anybody from planting a new crop in the same place. The united states has increased the amount of toxic defoliant that is spays on Colombia and it’s citizens every year of ‘Plan Columbia’. Many have made the comparison to agent orange in Vietnam. Many health problems have already been reported with relationship to the defoliant chemical and there are concerns that this chemical is starting to poison some the amazon basin and subsequently effecting other Latin American countries to the south. This defoliant kills all crops including the ones, many of the poorest peasants who grow bananas simply for subsistence have their whole crops destroyed on a regular basis. Some have raised the issue that perhaps this alone constitutes a grave human rights violation. A foreign power spraying toxic chemicals on the population of another is something that is unheard of in the past. The most inditing fact to the type of military action undertaken is most obviously that it has been a commitment that the United States has not been able pull back on after over 6 years no decrease in spending in this area is expected. Not only that but now that the Colombian drug traffickers have evolved we’re seeing a resurgence in drug activity in the country. No matter how you look at it ‘Plan Colombia’ was almost a complete failure, Colombian left wing guerrillas persist, drug use in the US has never been higher, cocaine production in Columbia is increasing. The only ay in which this operation is a success is that the overall violence seems to have died down and that in the paramilitary groups, which the US created in the 1st place have been disbanded and are no longer committing horrendous atrocities against innocent people for the sole purpose of turning public opinion against FARC. It might be viewed in that instance as a success, I was about half way into my research before I heard/read anything to do with FARC’s side of the story. Venezuela, Ecuador and Cuba are the only counties to formally voice support for FARC. (*10) Evaluating the Merida Innitiative One the important things to know about the Merida initiative is that the entirety of the money (400 million to start) approved by the US congress all went to American companies, to train police, to build helicopters, not one dollar of the funding of this operation ends up in non-American hands. It is expected, as was the care with ‘Plan Columbia’ that the United states will exclusively employ private American defence contractors to do all the work on the ground. The reason for this is not strong enough to justify the use and possible loss of American soldiers. Also use of American soldiers to fight an urban drug war such as the one in Mexico and might cause a PR nightmare if US Soldiers are viewed as firing on Mexican population, which the drug members of the cartels can hide in plain sight, unlike the Colombian guerrillas they are not in uniform. My investigation into ‘Plan Colombia’ led me to the conclusion that the comparison made by the US secretary of defence between Colombia at the turn of the century and the Mexican drug war today to be a very poor and unjustified one. As previously stated I contend that the situation in Colombia was actually a war where as the Mexican situation is simply a police ineffectiveness issue. While the comparison between the who conflicts themselves is unjustified both ‘Plan Columbia’ and ‘The Merida initiative’ officially have a primary goal to reduce the outflow of drugs into the united states and can still be compared in that instance. The comparison is one that mostly highlights the extreme ineffectiveness not only in terms of result but in terms of cost of this kind of policy. It essentially doesn’t solve any of the problems of drug trafficking. The demand in the US for drugs is the real source of this problem. Persistent Problems (police, penal system,banking) A continuing problem that has been acknowledged but not dealt with in any meaningful way in the fact that poor farmers who have been driven into poverty by the international agricultural business (and it’s dominance by the west) have no better feasible options then to grow the plants that are converted into drugs. In ‘Plan Columbia’ the Colombian government instituted a program to offer coca growers money to grow alternative crops, offering them a sum in the range of 2 million pesos a year (about 950$). *7) Many coca farmers argue is not enough to live. When growing coca (rather then crops such as plantains and Pineapples) not only is the crop worth more but the drug traffickers come right to their doors to pick up the ‘coca paste’ they convert the plants to. When growing the crops they are being encouraged to grow they have to transport these tons of produce on â€Å"vehicles they don’t have, on roads that don’t exist to sell to markets both internal and external† that they don’t have access to and to compete with an international aggro business . † (*7- 5:51) It’ simply not a sound development plan. less then 20% of the Plan Columbia budget is allocated towards this end) instead the budget is spent on air fumigation spaying defoliant on coca cultures. Secondly the way that the penal system is set up just about everywhere in the world makes the incarceration of major drug lords almost completely futile, they still maintain control over their organization and administer it from prison. The leaders of the Tijuana and Gulf cartels made the agreement to unite while they were both in prison (*3 p. 4), consolidating their power against the rest of the cartels in the â€Å"The Federation†. There is also a persistent (though easilly remedied) problem that the Mexican prisons themselves are not able keep powerful people in there. In the last year alone over 250 prison inmates have been broken out of prison by cartels, most recently 191 were released from from a prison in Tamaulipas by the Los Zetas cartel. This creates even more problems on other fronts, it makes it alot harder to extract information from prisoners then it is in the united states. If an inmate believes it’s only a matter of time before he gets out he has no reasons to co-operate in any way, no real threat to guard against. Finally, probably the most important continuing problem is money laundering, this allows for drug operations to run smoothly by giving it a seemingly legitimate flow of cash to use for Bribes, buying up legitimate real estate and other things. Without being able to access the real money of drug kingpins makes it hard to do them any real damage that wont easily be recovered from in a very short time. Many large US banks are complicit in this activity and it is a massive source of capital for them. An article from the Bloomberg press highlights the involvment of American banks such as Wachovia Corp. Bank of America and Wells Fargo’s direct complicity in money laundering operations for the mexican cartels. â€Å"Wachovia admitted it didn’t do enough to spot illicit funds in handling 378. 4 billion for Mexican-currency-exchange houses from 2004 to 2007. † (*1) To say they didn’t â€Å"do enough to spot† 378 billion dollars entering their bank is laughable. There have reportedly been some efforts to pass more stringent anti-money laundering laws which have met some oppostion from the banking lobby for obvious reasons. The police force continues to be a significant problem, all the training in the world still isn’t going to stop corruption, even if a relative victory is acheived and the army pulls out it would seem to me only to be a matter of time before things return to their previous state. Possible solutions In order to fix the problems associated with prisons I think a simple solution would be to transfer people associated to drug cartels to offshore or even just send them to the other side of the world somewhere a pay country X to keep them in isolation. Reducing their ability to communicate is key. Something that I think the world may sooner or later move towards provided the proper technology be available is to curb the drug trade is simply an irradiation of hand held currency. Cash is what funds all of these organizations. This is why they have to launder drug money, it’s dirty, you cant buy jet planes and like with cash. If you eliminate cash, how can anyone buy drugs illegally? You cant have a large elligal operation which risks lives dailey if people can only barter for your drugs and every legitimate product is purchased through some form of debit entirely controlled by the government. In conclusion I beleive that the Merida innitiative will probably succeed to a small degree in curbing violence but not the drug trade itself. I think it will be a costly (perhaps everlasting) failure as long as people are beating a dead horse with tactics that are proven not work. The more troubling aspect of this whole research paper for me is the notion that gets brought up by several in various documentaries I watched in doing research of the American government attempted to make security policy which violates many individual freedoms with respect to terrorism all encompassing. If you can keep enforcing the notion that the drug is on the same wavelength as terrorism it gives you the right to treat all people involved in drugs (about 80% of Americans at least once in a lifetime) as people involved in terrorism and produce a progressive erosion of civil liberties which some already believe has gone to far with legislation such as The Patriot Act. Operations in mexico and Colombia set a precedent for the United States intervening (without request in the case of mexico) in domestic affairs of it’s neighbours using military force. I would also argue that much of this action could be perceived as just another extension of the US military industrial complex in action. References http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/banks-financing-mexico-s-drug-cartels-admitted-in-wells-fargo-s-u-s-deal.html http://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/reports/docs/Canadian%20Military%20Spending%202009.pdf http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34215.pdf http://blogs.mcclatchydc.com/mexico/2010/12/jail-breaks-and-cartel-manpower-woes.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559348/IRA-training-haunts-Colombias-guerrilla-war.html http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB166/index.htm How to cite Comparing Plan Columbia and the Merida Initiative, Essay examples

Regime Statutory Implied Terms Transactions â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Regime Statutory Implied Terms Transactions? Answer: Introducation In last few years, Court recognized the concept of entering into contract through e-mails and validity of the E-mail contracts. There are number of cases related to E-mail contracts which are decided by the Court such as Vantage Systems Pty Ltd v Priolo Corporation Pty Ltd [1]and Stellard Pty Ltd v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd. Both the cases involve the situations in which Court considers the validity of exchanged E-mails between the parties and also whether there is any binding contract or not[2]. In general contracts it is necessary that essential elements of the contract must be present, and some of these essential elements are stated below: Offer- offer can be considered as definite promise which is made by one person to another person. There is no particular form of offer and it can be made either orally or in writing. However, offer can be constituted through the conduct of the parties also. It is not necessary that offer can be made to specific person only it can be made to the world at large. Acceptance- another important element of contract is acceptance. Acceptance is the statement through which person to whom offer is directed agreeing to the offer. It is necessary that offer is accepted by that person only to whom it is directed. However, after giving acceptance parties are bound by these acceptances and it is not possible for parties to cancel the contract. Acceptance must be given by offeree only in context of offer made by offeror. This can be understood through case law Crown v Clarke, (1927) 40 CLR 227[3]. For effective acceptance, it is necessary that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. If acceptance is given through E-mail then provisions of Electronic Transaction Act 1999 are applied. Section 14 of the Act states, time of receipt of acceptance is considered as that time when mail related to acceptance send by offeree reach the information system of offeror. It means that offer is accepted by the offeree at the time when mail of acceptance send by offeree enters in the mail box of offeror[4]. Intention to create legal relations[5]: it is necessary for valid contract that parties intend to create legal relatiosn at the time of formation of the contract. in other words, parties must intend to bound themselves under the terms of the contract. this can be understood through case law Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter, (Holdings) Pty Ltd, Supreme Court of New South Wales [1989] 2 NSWLR 309[6]. Consideration[7]: consideration can be considered as price paid for promise made by one party to the other party. In other words, it is the price which is asked by the promisor in exchange of promise. It is necessary that consideration must be moved from one party to another party who made the promise. This can be understood through case law Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd, (1967) 119 CLR 460[8]. It must be noted that, E-mail contract also include these essential elements that are offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. However, if valid offer and acceptance is present in the E-mail negotiations then it can be considered as valid contract. This can be understood through case law McHugh JA in GR Securities Pty Ltd v Baulkham Hills Private Hospital Pty Ltd.[9] In this case, McHugh stated even though e-mail negotiations specifically stated that formal contract must be executed then also parties immediately bound with the contract if valid offer and acceptance are present in the contract[10]. Application: in the present case, both Mary and Lianne negotiated through E-mail and all the essential elements of valid contract are present in this case such as offer is given by Mary through advertisement to the world at large. Later, Lianne accept the offer given by Mary through E-mail send by Lianne to Marry. It must be noted that acceptance is considered as valid acceptance because section 14 of Electronic Transactions Act 1999 states offer is accepted by the offeree at the time when mail of acceptance send by offeree enters in the mail box of offeror. In this case, Mary reads the acceptance mail after 5 hours because of the electricity fault. Therefore, time of receipt of acceptance is the time when E-mail enters in the mailbox of Mary. It must be noted that consideration of $10000 is present in the case, which can be considered as prima facie evidence of intention of parties to create legal relations. In Case law Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd[11], court held that parties are bound by the contract related to sale of land which was entered between the parties through E-mail. Contract was binding because valid offer and acceptance is present in the contract. In this case also, both offer and acceptance are present. Therefore there is valid contract between the parties because it is not possible to cancel the contract after accepting the contract. Valid contract exists between the parties, and both Mary and Lianne are bound with the terms of the contract. Issue: Whether any terms of the contract are breached by the Mary, and if Mary breach the terms of the contract then what rights are available to the Lianne against such breach? Law: in Australia, consumer law is developed for the purpose of protecting the interest of consumers and also promotes fair dealings with the consumer. Trader who is engaged in the trade or commerce must compile with these guarantees while dealing with the consumers. Guarantees provided by ACL are statutory guarantees and it cannot be excluded by any person[12]. Following are some guarantees which are provided by the ACL to the consumer: Guarantee related to express warranty- it is the duty of trader to comply with all the express warranties given by trader at the time of formation of contract. This guarantee is stated under section 559 of ACL. As per this section if any warranty is given by supplier and manufacturer that goods and services provided are compile with express warranty then such goods and services must be compile with that express warranty[13]. Guarantee to perform duties with due care and skill- this guarantee is stated under section 60 of the Competition and consumer Act and as per this section trader who supplies goods and services in trade and commerce must fulfill their obligations with due care and skill[14]. Guarantee related to specified purpose- this guarantee is stated under section 61 of the ACL, and as per this guarantee if consumer before entering into contract specifically stated any purpose for which he acquired such goods and services, then it is the duty of trader to ensure that goods and services met with that specific purpose. In other words, trader ensures that result of the services and product meets the desired result of consumer[15]. If trader fails to meet statutory guarantees provided by ACL, then consumer has right to cancel the contract, if services are not consumed then seek refund, and consumer can claim for compensation for breach of statutory guarantees[16]. Application: in this case, Lianne specifically asked for Malaysian cuisine and large space for dancing at the time of entering into contract. Later, Mary fails to provide Malaysian cuisine and also dance floor is very small. In this case, Lianne has right to seek compensation because Mary breach his statutory guarantees stated under section 59, 60, and 61 of the ACL. In this Mary breach express warranties provided to Lianne. This can be understood through case law Norman Enterprises Pty Ltd t/as Leimo Australia v Deng [2013] QCATA 047[17]. In this case, tribunal stated that money back guarantee can be considered as express warranty. In this case, Lianne does not receive desired result from the services for which she paid. Therefore, Lianne has right to claim compensation from Mary for breach of consumer guarantees under ACL. However, Lianne cannot terminate the contract because services are already consumed. Australian consumer law covers all the commercial dealings in the Australia with both private and business consumers. It is necessary for those companies to take reasonable care that are selling and promoting their goods and services through advertising. These organizations accompanied with clients and media operators frame marketing strategies and activities for advertising their goods. Organization must identify their clients and consider provisions of ACL for the purpose of avoiding unconscionable dealing, misleading and deceptive conduct, and any other conduct which is prohibited by ACL. In other words, ACL protect not only the legitimate interest of the consumers but also ensures fair dealings in Australia, and it is stated under Schedule 2 of Competition and consumer Act 2010[18]. In this paper, provisions stated under ACL related to advertising and selling practices are discussed and it also state the prohibition imposed on business organization by ACL while advertising their goods and services. Lastly, paper is concluded by stating the brief conclusion which summarizes the facts of this paper. Online mode of advertising: Business organizations use number of modes to publish their advertisement such as radio, television, newspaper, etc. However, online mode of advertising is also the most important mode now days because of the rapidly increase of online environment. Business organizations use this mode for the purpose of promoting and selling their goods.it must be noted that provisions of ACL also applied on online mode, which means those organizations which publish their advertisement through online environment are bound to follow the provisions of ACL related to advertising and selling practice. Provisions related to advertising and selling practices are stated under chapter 2 and chapter 3 of ACL. These chapters deal with business conduct in commercial matters. In other words, if any commercial transaction provide wrong information to other party then such matter falls under chapter 2 and chapter 3 of ACL. It also states the conduct of business organization while promoting and selling their products through advertising[19]. Prohibition imposed by ACL: As stated above, ACL protect the legitimate interest and rights of the consumer. For this purpose ACL introduced section 18[20] and section 29 of the Act for the purpose of prohibiting the organization to engage in any conduct which is misleading and deceptive in nature. Section 18 is considered as the most litigated provision in the ACL, and it is mainly introduced for the purpose of protecting the rights of the consumer. Claim related to section 18 pleaded in all type of jurisdiction and it is also merged with some other type of claim also. This can be understood through example, contravention of section 18 can be considered as tort also. However, it must be noted that if section 18 is brought by the plaintiff then usually party also state that section 29 is also breached. Section 29 states false representation made to consumers for the purpose of misleading and deceives the consumer. Organizations engaged in this conduct through various modes such as by personal communication, thr ough advertisement, etc.[21]. Section 29 of the ACL states, it is completely illegal for business organizations to make any false representation related to goods and services to any other party. This section can be compared with section 18 and after comparison it can be concerned that approach of this section falls in the context of section 18. The main aim of this section is to protect the consumers from those suppliers who engaged in trade and commerce and falsely represent their goods to other parties. Misleading and deceptive conduct include following behavior and factors: Party makes false representation and provides wrong information through advertisement for the purpose of misleading the consumers. Consumer on the basis of wrong information and false representation enter into contract with business. Important information in context of product and services provided by business is not mentioned in the advertisement. False impression was created by the business on the customers. In short, section 18 and 29 restrict such practices of business which mislead and deceive the consumers and result in unfair dealings. It can also be said that these sections protect the consumers and promotes fair dealings with consumers in Australia. Section 18 and 29 also encourage the business to act in good faith and ensures interest of consumers as well. Case law Australian Competition and Consumer Commission V TPG Internet Pty Ltd[22] helps in understanding the misleading and deceptive conduct related to advertisement and selling practices in Australia. In this case,, TPG published advertisement under which company stated that unlimited internet was given by the company for only $29.99. This scheme was named as ADSL2+ broadband internet plan. In actual company charged hidden cost from their consumers in the following form: Company charged $30 per month from consumers for bundling their home connections with the internet connect. Company also charged 149.99 as set-up fee. ACCC filed application against the company on the ground that company mislead and deceive their consumers under this new scheme. Application was filed by ACCC in Federal Court in which primary Judge stated that TPG was liable under section 18 and 29 of ACL and ACCC succeeded in their application. After this decision, TPG appeal against this decision in Full Federal Court and succeeded. Later, High court set aside the decision made by Full Federal court on the ground that Full Federal Court failed to apply the principles of PUXU case correctly[23]. References Chapter 2 and 3 of ACL deals with the advertising and selling practices related to commercial contracts, and ACL also introduced section 18 and 29 for the purpose of prohibiting the misleading and deceptive conduct of business organization. The main aim of these sections is to promote fair dealings in Australia. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ready, K. (2015). Email contracts Who, What, When and Where The formation of binding agreements through email exchanges, https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/431732/Contract+Law/Email+contracts+Who+What+When+and+Where+The+formation+of+binding+agreements+through+email+exchanges, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. ACL, Intention, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-intention.html, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. ACL, Consideration, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-consideration.html, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. Mcleod, I. Email correspondence a valid and binding contract, court confirms, https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5751/email-correspondence-a-valid-and-binding-contract-.aspx, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. Austlii, Paterson, Jeannie Marie --- "The New Consumer Guarantee Law and the Reasons for Replacing the Regime of Statutory Implied Terms in Consumer Transactions" [2011] MelbULawRw 8; (2011) 35(1) Melbourne University Law Review 252, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2011/8.html, accessed on 23rd September 2017. ACCC, Consumer guarantees, https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/consumer-guarantees#consumer-guarantees-on-products-and-services, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. ACL, Consumer guanarntees, https://consumerlaw-staging.tspace.gov.au/files/2016/05/0553FT_ACL-guides_Guarantees_web.pdf, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. Legal Vision, Advertising and Marketing Series, https://legalvision.com.au/advertising-and-marketing-series-illegal-conduct-in-advertising-and-marketing-under-the-australian-consumer-law/, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. Federal Court of Australia, (2012). TPG Internet Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] FCAFC 190 (20 December 2012), https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2012/190.html, accessed on 19th September 2017 [1] VANTAGE SYSTEMS PTY LTD -v- PRIOLO CORPORATION PTY LTD, [2015] WASCA 21; 47 WAR 547. [2] Ready, K. (2015). Email contracts Who, What, When and Where The formation of binding agreements through email exchanges, https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/431732/Contract+Law/Email+contracts+Who+What+When+and+Where+The+formation+of+binding+agreements+through+email+exchanges, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [3] Crown v Clarke, (1927) 40 CLR 227. [4] Electronic Transaction Act 1999- Section 14. [5] ACL, Intention, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-intention.html, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [6] Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter, (Holdings) Pty Ltd, Supreme Court of New South Wales [1989] 2 NSWLR 309 [7] ACL, Consideration, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-consideration.html, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [8] Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd, (1967) 119 CLR 460. [9] Baulkham Hills Private Hospital Pty Ltd v GR Securities Pty Ltd (1986) 40 NSWLR 622. [10] Mcleod, I. Email correspondence a valid and binding contract, court confirms, https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5751/email-correspondence-a-valid-and-binding-contract-.aspx, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [11] Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd [2015] QSC 119 (14/11998). [12] Austlii, Paterson, Jeannie Marie --- "The New Consumer Guarantee Law and the Reasons for Replacing the Regime of Statutory Implied Terms in Consumer Transactions" [2011] MelbULawRw 8; (2011) 35(1) Melbourne University Law Review 252, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2011/8.html, accessed on 23rd September 2017. [13] Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 59 [14] Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 60. [15] Competition and Consumer act 2010- Schedule 2- section 61. [16] ACCC, Consumer guarantees, https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/consumer-guarantees#consumer-guarantees-on-products-and-services, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [17] Norman Enterprises Pty Ltd t/as Leimo Australia v Deng [2013] QCATA 047. [18] ACL, Consumer guanarntees, https://consumerlaw-staging.tspace.gov.au/files/2016/05/0553FT_ACL-guides_Guarantees_web.pdf, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [19]Legal Vision, Advertising and Marketing Series, https://legalvision.com.au/advertising-and-marketing-series-illegal-conduct-in-advertising-and-marketing-under-the-australian-consumer-law/, Accessed on 23rd September 2017. [20] Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 18. [21] Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 29. [22] Federal Court of Australia, (2012). TPG Internet Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] FCAFC 190 (20 December 2012), https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2012/190.html, accessed on 19th September 2017.